In vitro antimicrobial sensitivity to Staphylococcus spp. isolates from dairy cows with subclinical mastitis

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a sensibilidade antimicrobiana in vitro de 291 isolados de Staphylococcus spp. recuperados de amostras de leite de vacas com mastite subclínica, em 15 propriedades rurais localizadas na Região Metropolitana do Recife (A), Agreste (B) e Zona da Mata (C) do estado de Pernambuco. Dos 291 isolados, 170(58,4%) foram classificados como Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCN), 84(28,9%) como Staphylococcus aureus e 37(12,7%) como Staphylococcus coagulase positiva (SCP). Para o estudo do perfil de sensibilidade a antimicrobianos empregou-se a técnica de difusão em discos, foram avaliadas 16 drogas antimicrobianas utilizadas no tratamento das mastites. O antibiótico que apresentou melhor eficácia in vitro foi a associação entre neomicina + bacitracina + tetraciclina com percentuais de 98,4%, 99,3%, 89,7% para as regiões A, B e C, respectivamente. O antibiótico menos eficaz foi a ampicilina que apresentou 56,5% de resistência para as amostras da região A, 72,8% para a região B e 71,8% na região C. Os resultados obtidos mostram a necessidade da realização periódica de testes de sensibilidade in vitro, pois existem variações no perfil de sensibilidade e resistência que podem comprometer o tratamento do animal bem como os programas de controle da mastite bovina causada pelo Staphylococcus spp.The objective of the investigation was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial sensibility of 291 isolates of Staphylococcus spp., taken from the mammary glands of dairy cows with subclinical mastitis in the regions of Metropolitan Recife (A), Agreste (B) and Zona da Mata (C) in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. From the 291 isolates, 170 (58.4%) were identified as negative coagulase Staphylococcus (SCN), 84 (28.9%) as Staphylococcus aureus, and 37 (12.7%) as positive coagulase Staphylococcus (SCP). To study sensitivity to antimicrobials, the diffusion in disks method was used with 16 antimicrobial drugs commonly employed in the treatment of mastitis. The most efficient antibiotic in vitro was the combination of neomicine + bacitracine + tetracycline with percentages of 98.4%, 99.3%, and 89.7% for the A, B, and C regions, respectively. The least efficient was ampicillin, which was resistant to 56.5% of the isolates taken from region A, 72.8% from region B, and 71.8% from region C. These results indicate the need for periodic testing of sensitivity in vitro, as these variations can compromise the treatment of animals as well as control programs for bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus spp

Large interstitial del(13)(q13q14.3): the importance of detailed clinical information in cytogenetic studies

Interstitial deletions of chromosome 13 are known to be associated with retinoblastoma. A wider syndrome may accompany the deletion, including mental retardation and craniofacial dysmorphism. The severity of the phenotype depends on the extent of the deletion. Retinoblastoma is a malignant tumor in the retina and is the most common ocular cancer in children. The association of most cases of retinoblastoma with an interstitial del(13q) has led to the localization of the retinoblastoma gene in 13q14. We report a case of a boy aged 8 referred for cytogenetic studies, presenting with mild mental retardation, craniofacial dysmorphism, delayed intrauterine growth (IUGR) and retinoblastoma. The karyotype was obtained from peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures using high-resolution GTG banding and standard techniques. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed using the LSI 13 (RB1) probe (Vysis) for region 13q14 spanning the RB1 gene. The chromosomal analysis revealed a large interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13. Although the exact breakpoints were difficult to establish, the deleted region did not appear to encompass the band which includes the retinoblastoma gene. Molecular cytogenetic techniques showed that the retinoblastoma gene was deleted. This confirmed the clinical indication of retinoblastoma and defined the deletion breakpoints more precisely. Final karyotype: 46,XY,del(13)(q13q14.3).ish del(13) (q14.1q14.3)(RB1−). Except for the presence of IUGR, the clinical description of this patient is in agreement with other reports in the literature. We would like to emphasize the importance of detailed clinical information that, together with classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques, could be useful in better defining the breakpoints, establishing correct genotype/phenotype correlation and thus providing appropriate genetic counselling. The blood samples of the parents were requested for karyotype analysis in order to clarify this chromosome deletion

A "de novo" inv dup del(6q) - a case report

Abstrat publicado em: Chromosome Research. 2003;21(Suppl 1):S1–S168. doi:10.1007/s10577-013-9364-

Três rearranjos diferentes, três fenótipos diferentes :Estudo Familiar Cromossoma 14

Introdução – Cromossomas derivativos são o resultado de rearranjos estruturais que tanto podem ocorrer num só, como entre dois ou mais cromossomas. Estes rearranjos dão origem a cromossomas estruturalmente anormais, podendo resultar um fenótipo normal ou mais ou menos grave, dependendo do tipo de anomalia encontrada. Materiais e métodos – Caso índex: homem de 55 anos, referenciado para estudos de citogenética clássica (cariótipo com bandas GTG de alta resolução) e molecular (MLPA – kits P036 e P070 e FISH com sonda subtelomérica especifica para o cromossoma 14) por apresentar um quadro clínico de atraso mental. Posteriormente realizaram-se estudos citogenéticos a uma irmã com atraso cognitivo e baixa estatura, e a mais quatro familiares com fenótipos normais. Resultados – O cariótipo do caso índex revelou a existência de uma anomalia cromossómica estrutural desequilibrada num dos cromossomas 14, sugerindo uma deleção da banda 14q32, e uma duplicação do braço curto localizada na parte terminal do braço longo. Nos estudos de citogenética molecular, a técnica de MLPA identificou uma deleção da região subtelomérica no braço longo do cromossoma 14, em ambos os kits e, posteriormente, a técnica de FISH comprovou essa deleção. Após estudos familiares, concluiu-se que dois dos irmãos apresentavam anomalias cromossómicas distintas do caso índex, envolvendo igualmente o cromossoma 14. Apesar de não ser possível efetuar o cariótipo à mãe (falecida), presume-se que estas alterações tenham tido origem numa anomalia cromossómica materna, uma vez que o pai deste indivíduo apresentava um cariótipo normal. Conclusões – Os autores apresentam os resultados citogenéticos dos vários indivíduos estudados, e realçam a raridade da existência de três rearranjos diferentes (um deles aparentemente equilibrado e dois desequilibrados), envolvendo o cromossoma 14, encontrados numa mesma família

A de novo complex chromosome rearrangement (CCR) involving chromosome 5, 6 and 15

Abstrat publicado em: Chromosome Research. 2003;21(Suppl 1):S1–S168. doi:10.1007/s10577-013-9364-

A reforma do ensino médio com base na Lei 13.415/2016 e as implicações no ensino jurídico

RESUMOA presente pesquisa analisa a reforma no Ensino Médio do Brasil proposta pela Lei Nº 13.415/2017, editada pelo presidente Michel Temer. Inicialmente, contextualiza-se a Medida Provisória 746 e sua conversão na Lei nº 13.415/17, popularmente denominada Lei do Novo Ensino Médio. Depois, demonstra-se a repercussão na sociedade e, principalmente, na estrutura curricular da educação básica. E, finalmente, ao observar as peculiaridades e conhecimentos exigidos para um aluno ingresso no curso de Direito, realiza-se uma análise das implicações que a reforma determinada pela referida lei trará para o ensino jurídico. A metodologia de abordagem é analítica e crítica. Adota conceitos jurídicos e doutrinários, verifica material normativo pertinente e ainda desenvolve crítica argumentativa acerca da supracitada lei no ensino jurídico do Brasil. Conclui-se a pesquisa com a preocupação de que conhecimentos prévios, de grande relevância para a formação do futuro advogado, estão sob grave ameaça com a lei. PALAVRAS-CHAVEEnsino Médio. Reforma. Lei Nº 13.415/2017. Implicações. Ensino Jurídico.ABSTRACTThe present research analyzes the reform in the High School of Brazil proposed by Act no 13.415/2017, edited by President Michel Temer. First, it contextualizes the Provisory Act 746 and its conversion in the Act no 13.415/2017, popularly known as Law of New High School. Then, demonstrates its repercussion in the society and, mainly, in the curricular structure of the basic education. And, in the end, observing the peculiarities and knowledges required of a student admitted in Law Course, it analyzes the implications that the reform is going to cause to the legal education. The approach methodology is analytical and critical. It adopts legal and doctrinal concepts, verifies pertinent normative material, and develops argumentative criticism about the abovementioned law in Brazilian legal education. The research is concluded with the concern that previous knowledges, of much relevancy for the education of the future lawyer, are under serious threat by that law.KEYWORDSHigh School. Reform. Law Nº 13.415/2017. Implications. Juridical Teaching.

Chromosome 1p36 deletion syndrome: a report on 4 cases

Chromosome 1p36 deletion syndrome (MIM #607872) was first described in 1997 by Shapira et al. This condition is compatible with a monosomy of the 1p36 band in the distal region of the short arm of chromosome 1 and is the most common terminal deletion in humans, with an estimated prevalence of approximately 1 in 5,000 live births. This constitutional deletion is associated with mental retardation, developmental delay, seizures, hypotonia and heart defects. The syndrome is also characterized by several distinct dysmorphic features, including large anterior fontanels, microcephaly, brachycephaly, deep-set eyes, flat nose and nasal bridge, and pointed chin. The 1p36 band is not very clearly visible using classical cytogenetics, and it is therefore difficult to detect these deletions in banded karyotypes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis have increasingly been used, in addition to classical cytogenetic analysis, in children with mental retardation in order to identify this chromosomal abnormality. The authors present four patients between 1 month and 14 years of age with apparently normal karyotypes. Using molecular cytogenetic techniques, all cases showed a “pure” 1p36 deletion: three were detected by FISH (CEB108/T7, located at 1p36.3, Vysis) and are “de novo”; the fourth was detected by MLPA (P036 and P070, MRC Holland) analysis, and its origin is still unknown. The phenotypes of these patients are described and compared with other cases having this syndrome, described in the literature. We also emphasize the importance of good clinical characterization in order to establish the best cytogenetic strategy to assure accurate diagnosis

Detection of subtelomeric rearrangements in 1180 patients: FISH and MLPA contribution

Mental retardation (MR) is a major social, educational, and health problem affecting 3% of the population. Subtelomeric chromosome aberrations are one of the major causes of MR with or without multiple anomalies; previous studies have shown that these rearrangements are responsible for 3-6% of unexplained mental retardation. Between 2000-2010 in the Cytogenetics Unit, Centro de Genética Médica Jacinto de Magalhães, INSA (Portugal), the subtelomeric regions of all the chromosomes were analysed in 1180 individuals, whose karyotype had been considered normal. The reasons for referral included (i) psychomotor development delay or (ii) mental retardation with or without dysmorphisms. Until 2007 the analysis of metaphases, obtained from cultured lymphocytes following standard protocols, were performed by "Fluorescence in situ hybridization” (FISH): the first kit to be used was the Chromoprobe Multiprobe-TM (Cytocell) kit (until 2005), which was followed by the TotelVysion Multi-Color FISH Probe (Vysis). In 2007 the "Multiplex Ligation dependent Probe Amplification” (MLPA) was implemented in the laboratory, using kits P036 and P070 (MRC-Holland). All the unbalanced cases detected by MLPA were confirmed by FISH. Of a total of 1180 individuals, 62 (5.3%) showed chromosomal alterations: 60 in the subtelomeric regions and 2 in the control regions. It was not possible to perform any familial studies in 12 of the 62 cases (1.0%) and therefore the results were considered inconclusive. In the other 50 abnormal cases, the parental investigation allowed us to conclude that 30 (2.5%) of these patients had chromosomal abnormalities “de novo” that might be responsible for the clinical phenotype; the remaining 20 possibly abnormal cases (1.7%) were considered polymorphisms without pathological significance, since the apparent deletion or duplication had been inherited from phenotypically normal parents. The authors compare the results obtained in the individuals in the present study with literature reports and highlight the advantages/disadvantages of each technique

Prenatal diagnosis of a partial dup (16p) due to a rare recombinant resulting from a paternal intrachromosomal insertion

Poster: 10.P7Chromosomal rearrangements involving three break-points are relatively rare, about 1/5,000 live births. When a chromosomal segment is moved from one part of a chromosome into another part of the same chromosome, it is considered an intrachromosomal insertion; the orientation of the inserted material in relation to the centromere may remain the same, resulting in a direct insertion, or reversed, resulting in an inverted insertion. A single crossover in the gametogenesis between any of the three breakpoints may result in unbalanced recombinants, leading to phenotypic consequences in the offspring. Partial trisomy 16p is a rare chromosomal imbalance characterized by mental retardation, prenatal and post-natal growth deficiency, facial anomalies, cleft palate, congenital heart defects, and urogenital anomalies. Previous studies have established that the phenotype of this condition is not related to the extension of the duplicated segment and that the region 16p13.1–p13.3 is critical in determining this disorder. We report on a prenatal diagnosis performed at 14 weeks. The fetus presented with an increased fetal nuchal translucency and thus was referred for con- ventional cytogenetic studies. The chromosomal analysis of the amniotic fluid cells revealed a structurally abnormal chromosome 16, with additional material on 16q. The maternal karyotype was normal, but the father carried an intrachromosomal insertion in chromosome 16: a between-arm insertion of a small segment of the short arm into the distal region of the long arm. To characterize the extension of the imbalance in the fetus, chromosome comparative genomic hybridization (cCGH) analysis was performed. Fetus karyotype: 46,XY,rec(16)dup(16p)ins(16) (q24p13.2p13.3)pat.ish cgh dup(16)(p13.2p13.3). The authors emphasize the rarity of this case, explain its possible formation mechanism and compare the fetal phenotype (available after autopsy) with similar cases described in the literatur

OCORRÊNCIA DE Staphylococcus aureus EM CARCAÇAS DE FRANGO

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as condições microbiológicas de carcaças de frango com relação às contagens de S. aureus. Foram analisadas 30 carcaças de frango in natura, e 31 carcaças de frango resfriadas, adquiridas em mercados públicos e supermercados, respectivamente. Em 58 (91,1%) amostras foram isolados estafilococos, sendo que 40 (65,0%) apresentaram S. aureus e 18 (31,0%) Staphylococcus coagulase negativa (SCN). As contagens de S. aureus e SCN variaram entre 10 a 106 UFC/g de carne de frango. As carcaças de frango resfriadas apresentaram contagens inferiores de S. aureus em relação às carcaças de frango in natura, havendo correlação direta entre a temperatura de comercialização do produto e as contagens dessa bactéria. Foram confirmadas 78 (87,6%) colônias típicas e 48 (40%) colônias atípicas de S. aureus em Agar Baird-Parker. Conclui-se que padrões microbiológicos para Staphylococcus aureus em carcaças de frango in natura e resfriadas precisam ser adotados para a obtenção de produtos de boa qualidade para o consumidor e que as colônias atípicas de S. aureus em Agar Baird-Parker devem ser consideradas pelos analistas de alimentos. OCCURRENCE OF Staphylococcus aureus IN CHICKEN CARCASSES Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the microbiological conditions of chicken carcasses, with regards to S. aureus count. Thirty carcasses of chicken in natura and 31 refrigerated carcasses of chicken acquired in public markets and supermarkets were analyzed, respectively. In 58 (91.1%) of the samples, Staphylococcus sp. were isolated, from which 40 (65.0%) presented Staphylococcus aureus and 18 (31.0%) coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS). Staphylococcus aureus count and CNS varied between 10 to 106 CFU/g of chicken meat. The refrigerated chicken carcasses presented lower counting of S. aureus in relation to carcasses of chicken in natura, showing a direct co-relation between the commercialization temperature of the product and the count of these bacteria. Seventy-eight (87.6%) of typical colonies and 48 (40%) atypical colonies of S. aureus were confirmed in Baird-Parker agar. It was concluded that the microbiological standards for S. aureus in chicken carcasses in natura and refrigerated needs to be adopted for the obtention of high quality products for the consumer and that the atypical colonies of S. aureus in Baird-Parker agar should be considered by food analysts