Evaluations of female subordinates by male superiors: Status and gender threats.

Previous research has shown that female superiors are negatively evaluated by their male subordinates whose masculinity is threatened. In this study, we examined how female subordinates are evaluated by their male superiors when they elicit two types of feelings of threat: gender threats (i.e., masculinity for men and femininity for women) and status threats. We conducted three studies in Japan using a 2 (participants’ genders) × 2 (subordinates’ genders) design; participants had to read a hypothetical scenario in which superiors lost a competition to their subordinates and then evaluate the subordinates on two dimensions (i.e., warmth and competence) and liking (study 2 and 3). In study 1, a structural equation modeling analysis revealed that male participants experienced a higher gender threat than female participants and evaluated their subordinates’ competence as low. Participants, regardless of gender, also elicited status threats leading to a higher evaluation on the warmth dimension. In study 2, female subordinates (vs. male subordinates) provoked both feelings of gender and status threat and received lower evaluations on warmth and competition. In study 3, status threat led to a lower evaluation on the warmth dimension and the subordinates’ favorability degree, regardless of participants’ and subordinates’ genders. Although we used the same scenario and response items in studies 2 and 3, we could not find similar results. The studies’ results are discussed with reference to threat types and evaluation dimensions.本論文の研究1は，広島大学教育学部提出した平成30年度卒業論文をもとに執筆したものである。 研究の一部は中国四国心理学会第74回大会学部生研究発表会，The 13th Biennial Asian Association of Social Psychology Conference，日本社会心理学会第60回大会において報告した

Do abstraction and power increase moral hypocrisy?

Lammers (2012) reported that participants taking an abstract (vs. concrete) view tended to judge the immoral behavior of others more severely than the same behavior performed by themselves (i.e., moral hypocrisy). In the current study, we examined the effects of construal level (i.e., abstract vs. concrete mindset) on moral judgments in a sample of Japanese university students. In addition, we examined the effect of the individuals’ sense of power, which was previously found to influence moral hypocrisy (Lammers et al., 2010); people in powerful roles were found to be more strict in moral judgments of others’ behavior than their own behavior. However, in Experiment 1, we did not observe moral hypocrisy. Instead, regardless of the actors in scenarios, we found that participants in the abstract condition (vs. concrete condition) judged immoral behavior less severely. Moreover, participants with a greater sense of power were more likely to judge immoral behavior severely. The discrepancy between the current findings and those of previous studies might be related to the scenario used in the current study (stealing a bike in a public bicycle parking area). Participants may have been influenced by the concern of being watched by a third party. We conducted Experiment 2 to investigate the effects of the presence of a third party, but found no significant effects. The results are discussed in terms of the construal level manipulations and immoral behavior in the experimental scenarios.本論文は，2017年度に広島大学教育学部で開講された心理学課題演習において，第1著者の指導により第2著者から第7著者までが実施した研究をもとに執筆したものである。研究の一部は第2著者から第7著者により中国四国心理学会第73回大会学部生研究発表会において報告された

Can poor treatment of workers be legitimated when they have passion for work?: Reexamining findings of Kim et al. (2020)

In Japan, overwork has often been reported and criticized by the media as well as the public. Jobs are, however, often regarded as giving workers a sense of fulfilment and enjoyment, leading to their willingness to work extra hours. Based on the findings of Kim et al. (2020), we conducted two studies to investigate whether poor treatment of a worker can be legitimated when he/she is passionate about his/her work. In line with previous research, we found that a passionate worker was perceived to be volunteering to do extra jobs without compensation if given the chance and to regard the work as a reward in and of itself. However, unlike Kim et al., we did not find any mediating effects of these two perceptions on legitimating poor treatment of passionate workers. The reason why we failed to replicate the findings of Kim et al. are discussed in terms of Japanese people’s awareness of the hardship and unfairness of overwork.本論文は，2020年度に広島大学教育学部で開講された心理学実験において，第1著者の指導により第2著者から第5著者が実施した研究をもとに執筆したものである。また，本研究はJSPS科研費JP18K03007の助成を受けた

A Randomized Phase 2 Trial of Antibiotic Prophylaxis Versus No Intervention for Muscle Biopsy in A Neurology Department

Muscle biopsy can be used to confirm the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases. However, it is unclear whether antibiotic prophylaxis prior to muscle biopsy is needed to prevent surgical site infection (SSI). We are conducting a phase 2, single-center, open-labeled, prospective randomized trial to clarify the need for antibiotic prophylaxis in patients at low risk for SSI undergoing muscle biopsy. Patients will be randomized to an antibiotic prophylaxis group or a control group, and the incidence of SSI will be compared between the groups. Our findings will clarify the need for antibiotic prophylaxis in this patient population

Intracrine activity involving NAD-dependent circadian steroidogenic activity governs age-associated meibomian gland dysfunction

新たなイントラクライン機構を用いた加齢性眼疾患治療へ --眼局所のホルモンの加齢変化とサーカディアンリズムが鍵--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-02-14.Canonically, hormones are produced in the endocrine organs and delivered to target tissues. However, for steroids, the concept of tissue intracrinology, whereby hormones are produced in the tissues where they exert their effect without release into circulation, has been proposed, but its role in physiology/disease remains unclear. The meibomian glands in the eyelids produce oil to prevent tear evaporation, which reduces with aging. Here, we demonstrate that (re)activation of local intracrine activity through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent circadian 3β-hydroxyl-steroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) activity ameliorates age-associated meibomian gland dysfunction and accompanying evaporative dry eye disease. Genetic ablation of 3β-HSD nullified local steroidogenesis and led to atrophy of the meibomian gland. Conversely, reactivation of 3β-HSD activity by boosting its coenzyme NAD+ availability improved glandular cell proliferation and alleviated the dry eye disease phenotype. Both women and men express 3β-HSD in the meibomian gland. Enhancing local steroidogenesis may help combat age-associated meibomian gland dysfunction

ABO Blood Incompatibility Positively Affects Early Graft Function: Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study

Background We investigated the association between ABO-incompatible (ABO-I) kidney transplantation and early graft function. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 95 patients who underwent living donor kidney transplantation between May 2009 and July 2019. It included 61 ABO-compatible (ABO-C) and 34 ABO-I transplantations. We extracted data on immunologic profile, sex, age, cold ischemic time, type of immunosuppression, and graft function. Two definitions were used for slow graft function (SGF) as follows: postoperative day (POD) 3 serum creatinine level >3 mg/dL and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) Results The characteristics between the ABO-C and ABO-I were not different. ABO-I received rituximab and plasma exchange. Patients also received tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil for 2 weeks and prednisolone for 1 week before transplantation as preconditioning. Of the 95 study patients, 19 (20%) and 21 (22%) were identified with SGF according to POD 3 serum creatinine level or eGFR, respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed that ABO-I significantly reduced the incidence of SGF (odds ratio, 0.15; 95% confidence interval, 0.03-0.7; P = .02), and cold ischemic time >150 min increased the incidence of SGF (odds ratio, 6.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-25; P = .006). Similar results were identified in POD 3 eGFR. Inferior graft function in patients with SGF was identified up to 6 months after transplantation. Conclusion ABO-I reduces the incidence of SGF, which is associated with an inferior graft function up to 6 months