Association between collaborative work, learning by observation and modeling in the improvement of pedagogical practices

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue a analizar la percepción docente sobre elementos socioculturales asociados al mejoramiento de sus prácticas pedagógicas en la Región Metropolitana. Surgió del actual vacío teórico respecto a la existencia de un modelo explicativo sobre el rol que ocupa el aprendizaje por observación, modelado y trabajo colaborativo en el mejoramiento de prácticas pedagógicas. La investigación es cualitativa, y se realiza con el enfoque teórico-metodológico de la Teoría Fundamentada, mediante la realización de seis entrevistas a docentes. Los resultados se presentan a nivel descriptivo y relacional axial, destacando en este último, la elaboración de un modelo explicativo inicial de cómo se produce la modificación de las prácticas pedagógicas a partir del aprendizaje colaborativo.This research aims to analyze the teaching perception on sociocultural elements associated with the improvement of their pedagogical practices in the Metropolitan Region. It emerged from the current theoretical gap regarding the existence of an explanatory model on the role that learning by observation, modeling and collaborative work occupies in the improvement of pedagogical practices. The research is qualitative, and is carried out with the theoretical methodological approach of Grounded Theory, by conducting six interviews with teachers. The results are presented at a descriptive and axial relational level, highlighting in the latter, the development of an initial explanatory model of how the modification of pedagogical practices from collaborative learning occurs

Arquitectura genérica de una red en chip de enrutamiento unidireccional en FPGA

El constante aumento de los componentes que contiene un sistema on-chip ha incrementado la complejidad de comunicación entre los elementos de procesamiento (EPs) del sistema. Un recurso utilizado para disminuir la complejidad es el diseño de enrutamiento de conexiones (cableado), el cual ha sido suficiente para interconectar algunos EPs, dicho diseño se conoce como redes en chip o por sus siglas en inglés NoC (Network on Chip), de manera alternativa, enrutar paquetes permite una mayor escalabilidad de las redes, tener una latencia aceptable y una utilización moderada de área. Sin embargo, las redes en chip (NoC) suelen ser implementadas en tecnologías rígidas y deterministas como los ASIC (Circuito Integrado de Aplicación Específica), limitando la flexibilidad, arquitectura y modularidad que ofrece una NoC de enrutamiento de paquetes. Este trabajo propone una arquitectura de una red en chip de switcheo o enrutamiento unidireccional utilizando un router genérico para topología de mariposa, de enrutamiento de paquetes, implementado en una FPGA de la familia Xilinx. Donde el diseño permite enviar paquetes desde 16 puntos de origen, hacia 16 puntos de destino, así como la flexibilidad de enviar paquetes de diferentes tamaños, divididos enflits. Este diseño tiene como resultado una arquitectura compacta, permitiendo dejar el mayor espacio posible para los EPs.Palabra(s) Clave(s): arquitectura de router, control de flujo, FPGA, NoC, redes en chip

Microorganisms and spatial distribution of the sinkholes of the Yucatan Peninsula, underestimated biotechnological potential?

Investigación basada en el potencial bio-tecnológico de las micro-especies que habitan los cenotes de la Península de YucatánAbstract Objective: To detect the spatial distribution of the sinkholes of the Peninsula of Yucatan (SPY) and identify those cenotes where microorganisms have been registered. Methods: The geographic coordinates of the SPYs were obtained from various databases, as well as from scientific publications relating to the terminology ‘sinkholes’, ‘karst systems’ and ‘cenotes’. All coordinates were transformed into the Universal Transverse Mercator reference system (UTM) with datum WGS84. An infrared composite image was created with 432 RGB bands from the Landsat 8 satellite. The points with the location of the cenotes were imported into the Software TerrSet. Results: Total 1026 coordinates of sinkholes were recorded in the Yucatan Peninsula. In 18 sinkholes (<2%), microorganisms have been recovered and identified in various taxonomic levels, and only 6 sinkholes (<0.6%) has their biotechnological potential been evaluated. Conclusions: The microorganisms that inhabit the sinkholes of the Yucatan Peninsula are a reservoir with practically unexplored biotechnological potential.CONACY

Innovación Social en Latinoamérica

A lo largo de su historia las naciones latinoamericanas han enfrentado los problemas sociales desde el paradigma asistencialista donde la comunidad afectada por uno o más problemas sociales desempeña un rol pasivo y cuyo impacto es insuficiente. En este contexto, la Innovación Social emerge como nueva perspectiva que intenta cambiar dicho paradigma a través de la cocreación de iniciativas más eficientes, efectivas e inclusivas. Sin embargo, la literatura sobre este tema es todavía escasa en la región. Asimismo, la investigación y la formación de expertos en el área no es una prioridad, aunque paulatinamente comienza a considerarse un campo de acción. Este libro entrega una revisión del estado del arte de la Innovación Social en América Latina a través de diferentes artículos escritos por expertos latinoamericanos, además de la colaboración de autores europeos cuyos aportes amplían la visión sobre la temática en cuestión. De esta manera, el lector podrá encontrar información sobre el concepto y su aplicación práctica en el contexto regional, junto con algunos ejemplos internacionales que le permitan formarse una idea de la importancia de su difusión e implementación. La información acá contenida será de gran ayuda para docentes, investigadores, políticos, profesionales, emprendedores, voluntarios, dirigentes sociales, líderes comunitarios y todos aquellos interesados en la Innovación Social y sus alcances

Supplementary Material: Diagnostic Tests for Differentiation between Cushing´s Syndrome and Non-Neoplastic Hypercortisolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Context: Differential diagnosis between Cushing’s syndrome (CS) due to neoplastic endogenous hypercortisolism and non-neoplastic hypercortisolism (NNH, pseudo-Cushing’s syndrome) is crucial. Due to worldwide corticotropin-releasing hormone test CRH shortage, accuracy of alternative tests to Dexamethasone (Dex)-CRH is clearly needed. Objective: Asses the diagnostic accuracy of Dex-CRH, desmopressin stimulation test, midnight serum cortisol (MSC), and late-night salivary cortisol (LNSC) levels to distinguish CS from NNH. Methods: Articles through March 2022 were identified from Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed. All steps through the systematic review were performed independently and in duplicate and strictly adhered to the updated PRISMA-DTA checklist. Data Synthesis: A total of 26 articles (2059 patients) were included. Dex-CRH had a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 91% (95%CI 87-94%; I2 0%) and 82% (73-88%; I2 50%), desmopressin test 87% (81-91%; I2 34%) and 91% (85-94%; I2 15%), MSC 91% (85-94%; I2 65%) and 80% (70-88%; I2 70%), and LNSC 78% (66-86%; I2 54%) and 88% (83-92%; I2 36%), respectively. SROC areas under the curve were Dex-CRH 0.949, desmopressin test 0.941, MSC 0.939, and LNSC 0.940 without visual or statistical significance. The overall risk of studies bias was moderate. Conclusion: Dex-CRH, the desmopressin stimulation test, and MSC have similar diagnostic accuracy, with Dex-CRH and MSC having slightly higher sensitivity, and the desmopressin test being more specific. LNSC was the least accurate, probably due to high heterogeneity, intrinsic variability, different assays, and lack of consistent reported cutoffs. Our results should increase clinicians’ confidence when deciding which test to perform when facing this challenging differential diagnosis. Key Words: Cushing’s syndrome, neoplastic endogenous hypercortisolism, non-neoplastic hypercortisolism, pseudoCushing’s, dexamethasone CRH test, desmopressin test, salivary cortisol, midnight serum cortiso

Salud de los trabajadores

Actividad f&iacute;sica y su relaci&oacute;n con los factores de riesgo cardiovascular de carteros chilenosAn&aacute;lisis de resultados: riesgos psicosociales en el trabajo Suceso-Istas 21 en Cesfam Quell&oacute;nAusentismo laboral por enfermedades oftalmol&oacute;gicas, Chile 2009Brote de diarreas por norovirus, posterremoto-tsunami, Constituci&oacute;n, Regi&oacute;n del MauleCalidad de vida en profesionales de la salud p&uacute;blica chilenaCaracterizaci&oacute;n del reposo laboral en personal del SSMN durante el primer semestre de 2010Concentraci&oacute;n de nicotina en pelo en trabajadores no fumadores expuestos a humo de tabaco ambientalCondiciones de trabajo y bienestar/malestar docente en profesores de ense&ntilde;anza media de SantiagoDisfunci&oacute;n auditiva inducida por exposici&oacute;n a xilenoErgonom&iacute;a aplicada al estudio del s&iacute;ndrome de dolor lumbar en el trabajoEstimaci&oacute;n de la frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en trabajadores de una empresa mineraExposici&oacute;n a plaguicidas inhibidores de la acetilcolinesterasa en Colombia, 2006-2009Factores de riesgo y da&ntilde;os de salud en conductores de una empresa peruana de transporte terrestre, 2009Las consecuencias de la cultura en salud y seguridad ocupacional en una empresa mineraPercepci&oacute;n de cambios en la pr&aacute;ctica m&eacute;dica y estrategias de afrontamientoPercepci&oacute;n de la calidad de vida en la Universidad del Biob&iacute;oPesos m&aacute;ximos aceptables para tareas de levantamiento manual de carga en poblaci&oacute;n laboral femeninaRiesgo coronario en trabajadores mineros seg&uacute;n la funci&oacute;n de Framingham adaptada para la poblaci&oacute;n chilenaTrastornos emocionales y riesgo cardiovascular en trabajadores de la salu

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and infants: NEonate and Children audiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe: A prospective European multicentre observational study

BACKGROUND: Little is known about current clinical practice concerning peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and small infants. Guidelines suggest transfusions based on haemoglobin thresholds ranging from 8.5 to 12 g dl-1, distinguishing between children from birth to day 7 (week 1), from day 8 to day 14 (week 2) or from day 15 (≥week 3) onwards. OBJECTIVE: To observe peri-operative red blood cell transfusion practice according to guidelines in relation to patient outcome. DESIGN: A multicentre observational study. SETTING: The NEonate-Children sTudy of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe (NECTARINE) trial recruited patients up to 60 weeks' postmenstrual age undergoing anaesthesia for surgical or diagnostic procedures from 165 centres in 31 European countries between March 2016 and January 2017. PATIENTS: The data included 5609 patients undergoing 6542 procedures. Inclusion criteria was a peri-operative red blood cell transfusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was the haemoglobin level triggering a transfusion for neonates in week 1, week 2 and week 3. Secondary endpoints were transfusion volumes, 'delta haemoglobin' (preprocedure - transfusion-triggering) and 30-day and 90-day morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Peri-operative red blood cell transfusions were recorded during 447 procedures (6.9%). The median haemoglobin levels triggering a transfusion were 9.6 [IQR 8.7 to 10.9] g dl-1 for neonates in week 1, 9.6 [7.7 to 10.4] g dl-1 in week 2 and 8.0 [7.3 to 9.0] g dl-1 in week 3. The median transfusion volume was 17.1 [11.1 to 26.4] ml kg-1 with a median delta haemoglobin of 1.8 [0.0 to 3.6] g dl-1. Thirty-day morbidity was 47.8% with an overall mortality of 11.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate lower transfusion-triggering haemoglobin thresholds in clinical practice than suggested by current guidelines. The high morbidity and mortality of this NECTARINE sub-cohort calls for investigative action and evidence-based guidelines addressing peri-operative red blood cell transfusions strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02350348

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p&lt;0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p&lt;0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised

Elementos institucionales y contextuales asociados al mejoramiento de las prácticas pedagógicas docentes: Modelo explicativo desde la percepción docente

El objetivo de la investigación fue describir las relaciones entre los elementos institucionales y contextuales asociados al mejoramiento de las prácticas pedagógicas en docentes de establecimientos particulares subvencionados de educación básica y media; de la comuna de Puente Alto, Chile. La investigación es cualitativa y con enfoque teórico-metodológico de Teoría Fundamentada; por lo que contempló la realización de entrevistas a docentes clasificados en tramo experto II según evaluación docente. Los resultados se presentan a nivel descriptivo y relacional axial, destacando la importancia que los y las docentes consideran sobre los lineamientos que las escuelas entregan para propiciar la mejora de sus prácticas pedagógicas, las cuales, a su vez, suelen ser impulsados por exigencias ministeriales o contextuales. Sumado a esto, a los y las investigadores (as) les parece relevante la generación de un modelo explicativo sobre las relaciones entre las diversas variables institucionales y contextuales asociadas al mejoramiento de las prácticas pedagógicas desde la perspectiva de profesores y profesoras.Doi: 10.21703/rexe.20212043melo1