Fundamentos necesarios para el uso efectivo de la fuerza en la función policial

Human rights defenders and specialists in the field often states that > means police action in line with international standards of human rights. Although this is, without doubt, true, it must be understood that international standards of human rights only offers a limited orientation for a daily police work. In fact, good police work can never be fully grasped in rules and regulations, no matter how numerous and detailed these are. The necessary discretion that the police needs in order to perform its functions, presents problems for human rights defenders because they prefer clear regulations to measure the police behavior. Many police officers consider that the arguments of the defenders of human rights are naive that reflects the lacks of comprehension of their reality and try to impose an unrealistic burden on the police work. On the other hand, human rights defenders argue that the police use this as an excuse to deflect criticism. Immersion in the differentiated use of force, allows police servers to understand the limits of their functions within the operation generated by a group of people who, under different laws and regulations stipulated in the rules of good living, generates instability to the society, that is why the applicability of the differentiated use of force by the police gets involved in events formed by these human behaviors that are not in accordance with the rules and regulations of the law.Los defensores de los derechos humanos y los especialistas en la materia suelen sostener que «acción policial buena» significa una acción policial acorde con las normas internacionales de derechos humanos. Aunque esto es sin duda cierto, debe entenderse que las normas internacionales de derechos humanos sólo ofrecen una orientación limitada para el trabajo policial diario. De hecho, el buen trabajo policial nunca puede captarse plenamente en las normas y los reglamentos, por muy numerosos y detallados que sean. La necesaria discrecionalidad que la policía precisa para desempeñar sus funciones plantea problemas a los defensores de los derechos humanos que prefieren tener normas claras para medir el comportamiento de la policía. Muchos policías consideran que los razonamientos de los defensores de los derechos humanos son ingenuos, en el mejor de los casos, y teóricos, por no decir más, que reflejan la falta de comprensión de su realidad e imponen una carga poco realista al trabajo policial. Los defensores de los derechos humanos, por su parte, sostienen que la policía utiliza esto como excusa para eludir las críticas. La inmersión en el uso diferenciado de la fuerza, permite a los servidores policiales entender los límites de sus funciones dentro de la operatividad generada por un grupo de personas que, en condiciones diferentes a las leyes y regulaciones que estipulan las normas del buen vivir, generan inestabilidad a la sociedad, es por ello que la aplicabilidad del uso diferenciado de la fuerza por parte de los efectivos policiales se enzarza a los eventos formados por estas conductas humanas que no son acorde a las normas y reglamentos de ley

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries