Avoidant Attachment, Withdrawal-Aggression Conflict Pattern, and Relationship Satisfaction: A Mediational Dyadic Model

This study was conducted with the purpose of analyzing the combined and mediating effect of actor's withdrawal-partner's demand conflict resolution strategies between avoidance attachment dimension and relationship satisfaction. We conducted a dyadic study with 175 heterosexual couples (aged between 18 and 72 years) who filled in the questionnaires. Six hypotheses were tested using the actor-partner interdependence model with mediation analysis (APIMeM). Results showed that the avoidance dimension of attachment was more strongly associated with actor's withdrawal strategy than with demand/aggression strategy. Furthermore, avoidance attachment was negatively associated with both actor's and partner's relationship satisfaction, the actor effect being higher. Withdrawal strategy was a mediator between actor's avoidance and actor's relationship satisfaction, but it was not a mediator for partner's relationship satisfaction. The interactive pattern of actor's withdrawal-partner's demand/aggression was associated with low levels of both actor's and partner's relationship satisfaction. These results point out to the need of discerning the interactive pattern of conflict-solving strategies as well as their intertwined effect on relationship satisfaction.This research was supported by a predoctoral grant from the Education Department of the Basque Government (PRE_2016_1_0138) awarded to IB under IA-A's supervision, two grants by Basque Government Research Groups ("Culture, Cognition, and Emotion" Consolidated Group, IT1187-19 and IT1598-22), and a grant by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation ("Culture, coping, and emotional regulation: well-being and community coping"; PID2020-115738GB-I0)

Validation of the Morale Questionnaire for Military Operational Theaters [Validación del cuestionario de moral para zonas de Operaciones Militares]

AbstractTo assess the morale of the troops has been a concern of military leaders throughout history, mainly because of the level of involvement that this factor could have in the resolution of conflicts on the battlefield. The purpose of this research was to obtain evidence of the validity of the internal structure of the Morale Questionnaire used by the Spanish Armed Forces in military operations overseas.  Two subsamples of 250 Spanish soldiers deployed on an international mission in Lebanon participated in the study.  The questionnaire was applied at the beginning and at the end of the mission, respectly. The results obtained throughExploratory and Confirmatory Factorial Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling, allowed to assess the questionnaire statistically obtaining a tool that consists of 26 items, agglutinated in six factors. The theoretical dimensions of the original tool were mostly maintained. This will permit Spanish Armed Forces to have a reliable measuring instrument that will facilitate specific predictions about morale and its consecuences on the battlefield.ResumenEvaluar la moral de las tropas ha sido una preocupación de los líderes militares a lo largo de la historia, principalmente por el nivel de participación que este factor podría tener en la resolución de conflictos en el campo de batalla. El objetivo de esta investigación fue obtener evidencias sobre la validez de la estructura interna del cuestionario de moral utilizado por las Fuerzas Armadas Españolas en operaciones militares en el exterior. Dos submuestras de 250 soldados españoles desplegados en una misión internacional en Líbano participaron en el estudio. El cuestionario se aplicó al principio y al final de la misión. Los resultados obtenidos a través del Análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, así como el Modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, permitieron validar el cuestionario obteniendo estadísticamente una herramienta que consta de 26 ítems, aglutinados en seis factores. Las dimensiones teóricas de la herramienta original se mantuvieron en su mayoría. Esto permitirá a las Fuerzas Armadas españolas tener un instrumento de medición confiable que facilitará predicciones específicas sobre la moral y sus consecuencias en el campo de batalla

Relación entre la Satisfacción Vital y otras Variables Psicosociales de Migrantes Colombianos en Estados Unidos

Investigación cuantitativa que buscó establecer la relación entre la satisfacción vital (variable principal) y las variables autoestima personal, bienestar material percibido, prejuicio grupal percibido, discriminación personal percibida e identidad nacional, identificando cuáles, entre estas últimas, podían predecir la primera. La muestra, no probabilística, estuvo conformada por 171 colombianos, hombres y mujeres, residentes en Estados Unidos. Los resultados indicaron que la autoestima y el bienestar material percibido fueron las variables más estrechamente relacionadas con la satisfacción vital, siendo, además, las únicas predictoras positivas de esta. Las expresiones de prejuicio no impactaron significativamente la satisfacción vital, mientras que la identidad nacional presentó un impacto nulo

El liderazgo de hombres y mujeres: diferencias en estilos de liderazgo, relaciones entre estilos y predictores de variables de resultado organizacional

The aim of this paper is to know whether men and women have different leadership styles. We include the main leadership styles studied from a psychosocial perspective: autocratic-democratic, task-relationship orientation and transformational-transactional. We also want to know a) if men and women have different perceptions of the relation between those styles, b) as well as the predictors of effectiveness, satisfaction and extra-effort they consider the best ones. 118 leaders (65 males and 53 females) were asked to fill in a questionnaire on these topics. Results show that there are no significant differences between males and females in leadership styles. However, they perceive the relation between styles and predictors of outcome variables in a different way.ResumenEl objetivo de nuestro trabajo es averiguar si hombres y mujeres líderes perciben que adoptan diferentes estilos de liderazgo. Se incluyen los estilos más investigados desde la perspectiva psicosocial: «autocrático»-«democrático», «orientación a la tarea»-«orientación a las relaciones» y «transformacional»-«transaccional». Asimismo, pretendemos conocer las diferencias entre líderes de distinto sexo en dos aspectos: a) las relaciones existentes entre los comportamientos autopercibidos referidos a estos estilos y b) los estilos que mejor predicen la eficacia de la unidad o departamento, la satisfacción con distintos aspectos de su trabajo y el esfuerzo extra logrado en sus subordinados. Para ello, solicitamos a 118 personas (65 hombres y 53 mujeres) que ocupaban puestos de responsabilidad en distintas organizaciones españolas que completasen un cuestionario en el que se incluían todas estas variables. Los resultados muestran que, en general, hombres y mujeres perciben que adoptan similares estilos de liderazgo, pero las relaciones entre ellos y los estilos que predicen los resultados organizacionales son diferentes en cada caso.AbstractThe aim of this paper is to know whether men and women have different leadership styles. We include the main leadership styles studied from a psychosocial perspective: autocratic-democratic, task-relationship orientation and transformational-transactional. We also want to know a) if men and women have different perceptions of the relation between those styles, b) as well as the predictors of effectiveness, satisfaction and extra-effort they consider the best ones. 118 leaders (65 males and 53 females) were asked to fill in a questionnaire on these topics. Results show that there are no significant differences between males and females in leadership styles. However, they perceive the relation between styles and predictors of outcome variables in a different way

Inmigración y prejuicio: actitudes de una muestra de adolescentes almerienses

The aim of this research is to know the concept a sample of adolescents living in an area with many foreign workers have about two immigrant groups (Black africans and Moroccans). A sample of 712 adolescents aged 13 to 18 filled up a version of the Modern Racism Scale (McConahay et al., 1981) and an Emotion Scale. Results show low prejudice levels towards both groups. Likewise, evoked emotions, either positive or negative, are low in intensity. There are no differences between subsamples, neither in Modern Racism nor in Emotions. However, some differences are found in some variables, sex and age, which establish different prejudice levels between groups. Traditional negative emotions are positively related to Modern Racism whereas positive emotions are negatively related to it. Results are discussed in relation to the literature and previous research carried out in the same region.ResumenEl objetivo del presente trabajo es conocer la imagen que los adolescentes de una zona con alta recepción de trabajadores extranjeros tienen acerca de dos grupos de inmigrantes: subsaharianos y marroquíes. Se empleó una muestra de 712 sujetos de entre 13 y 18 años, que respondían a una versión de la Escala de Racismo Moderno (McConahay y cols., 1981) y a una escala de emociones. Los resultados muestran un bajo índice de prejuicio hacia ambos grupos. Así mismo, las emociones evocadas por los inmigrantes, tanto positivas como negativas, tienen baja intensidad. No se aprecian diferencias entre las submuestras que evaluaban a cada grupo de inmigrantes, ni en racismo moderno ni en emociones, aunque sí en ciertas variables que establecen diferencias entre los grupos en los niveles de prejuicio (sexo y edad). Las emociones negativas tradicionales se relacionan positivamente con el racismo moderno, y las emociones positivas lo hacen de forma negativa. Los resultados se discuten en relación con la literatura y con resultados obtenidos previamente en la misma zona con otras muestras.AbstractThe aim of this research is to know the concept a sample of adolescents living in an area with many foreign workers have about two immigrant groups (Black africans and Moroccans). A sample of 712 adolescents aged 13 to 18 filled up a version of the Modern Racism Scale (McConahay et al., 1981) and an Emotion Scale. Results show low prejudice levels towards both groups. Likewise, evoked emotions, either positive or negative, are low in intensity. There are no differences between subsamples, neither in Modern Racism nor in Emotions. However, some differences are found in some variables, sex and age, which establish different prejudice levels between groups. Traditional negative emotions are positively related to Modern Racism whereas positive emotions are negatively related to it. Results are discussed in relation to the literature and previous research carried out in the same region

Perception of Medical Students on the Need for End-of-Life Care: A Q-Methodology Study

End-of-life care and the limitation of therapeutic effort are among the most controversial aspects of medical practice. Many subjective factors can influence decision-making regarding these issues. The Q methodology provides a scientific basis for the systematic study of subjectivity by identifying different thought patterns. This methodology was performed to find student profiles in 143 students at Cantabria University (Spain), who will soon deal with difficult situations related to this topic. A chi-square test was used to compare proportions. We obtained three profiles: the first seeks to ensure quality of life and attaches great importance to the patient's wishes; the second prioritizes life extension above anything else; the third incorporates the economic perspective into medical decision-making. Those who had religious beliefs were mostly included in profile 2 (48.8% vs. 7.3% in profile 1 and 43.9% in profile 3), and those who considered that their beliefs did not influence their ethical principles, were mainly included in profile 3 (48.5% vs. 24.7% in profile 1 and 26.8% in profile 2). The different profiles on end-of-life care amongst medical students are influenced by personal factors. Increasing the clinical experience of students with terminally ill patients would contribute to the development of knowledge-based opinion profiles and would avoid reliance on personal experiences.Funding: This research received a grant from the Spanish Minister of Education (Beca de colaboración

Political leaders' identity leadership and civic citizenship behavior:The mediating role of trust in fellow citizens and the moderating role of economic inequality

Identity leadership captures leaders efforts to create and promote a sense of shared group membership (i.e., a sense of “we” and of “us”) among followers. The present research report tests this claim by drawing on data from 26 countries that are part of the Global Identity Leadership Development (GILD) project to examine the relationship between political leaders' identity leadership and civic citizenship behavior (N = 6787). It also examines the contributions of trust and economic inequality to this relationship. Political leaders' identity leadership (PLIL) was positively associated with respondents' people-oriented civic citizenship behaviors (CCB-P) in 20 of 26 countries and civic citizenship behaviors aimed at one's country (CCB-C) in 23 of 26 countries. Mediational analyses also confirmed the indirect effects of PLIL via trust in fellow citizens on both CCB-P (in 25 out of 26 countries) and CCB-C (in all 26 countries). Economic inequality moderated these effects such that the main and indirect effects of trust in one's fellow citizens on CCB-C were stronger in countries with higher economic inequality. This interaction effect was not observed for CCB-P. The study highlights the importance of identity leadership and trust in fellow citizens in promoting civic citizenship behavior, especially in the context of economic inequality.</p

Political leaders' identity leadership and civic citizenship behavior:The mediating role of trust in fellow citizens and the moderating role of economic inequality

Identity leadership captures leaders efforts to create and promote a sense of shared group membership (i.e., a sense of “we” and of “us”) among followers. The present research report tests this claim by drawing on data from 26 countries that are part of the Global Identity Leadership Development (GILD) project to examine the relationship between political leaders' identity leadership and civic citizenship behavior (N = 6787). It also examines the contributions of trust and economic inequality to this relationship. Political leaders' identity leadership (PLIL) was positively associated with respondents' people-oriented civic citizenship behaviors (CCB-P) in 20 of 26 countries and civic citizenship behaviors aimed at one's country (CCB-C) in 23 of 26 countries. Mediational analyses also confirmed the indirect effects of PLIL via trust in fellow citizens on both CCB-P (in 25 out of 26 countries) and CCB-C (in all 26 countries). Economic inequality moderated these effects such that the main and indirect effects of trust in one's fellow citizens on CCB-C were stronger in countries with higher economic inequality. This interaction effect was not observed for CCB-P. The study highlights the importance of identity leadership and trust in fellow citizens in promoting civic citizenship behavior, especially in the context of economic inequality.</p

Innovación y cambio en las elecciones femeninas de carreras técnicas

Comprobar si las mujeres que eligen estudiar carreras técnicas son percibidas como una minoría psicológica con los efectos de discriminación y rechazo que ésto conlleva. Saber hasta qué punto mensajes que hablan en favor de la igualdad de la mujer consiguen una influencia específica (directa o indirecta, inmediata o diferida). Conocer la opinión de una serie de chicos y chicas, próximos a elegir carrera, sobre una serie de puntos relacionados tanto con el proceso de elección de carrera como con una serie de aspectos relacionados con la discriminación de la mujer. Comprobar la posible influencia de los textos rígidos o flexibles en la elección de carreras y sobre los items relacionados con la discriminación de la mujer en las carreras técnicas. Profundizar en las percepciones que los sujetos tienen acerca de las mujeres que quieren destacar en carreras técnicas. Planteamiento de hipótesis.. Primera fase, 189 sujetos de tercero de BUP de dos Institutos de Madrid y Cuenca; segunda fase, 132 sujetos de COU de los mismos I. B.. Dos fases, en la primera utilizan un diseño correlacional-experimental. La variable independiente principal es un texto de influencia (rígido o flexible) y como variables dependientes son la preferencia a la hora de elegir determinadas carreras y una serie de items relacionados con la discriminación de la mujer. La segunda fase, realizada un año después, también presenta un diseño mixto experimental-correlacional. En esta ocasión la variable independiente es el sexo del sujeto protagonista de un relato que figura en el cuestionario y las variables dependientes están relacionadas con la evaluación de dicho sujeto estímulo en una serie de rasgos. Escala. Porcentajes. Existen claros indicios de que las mujeres que eligen estudiar carreras técnicas son consideradas una minoría, no tanto numérica, sino psicológica. El escapar a esta discriminación es una de las causas principales del rechazo femenino hacia las carreras técnicas. Si se quieren cambiar las actitudes de la población sobre este fenómeno resultan más efectivos los mensajes flexibles en la forma, aunque radicales en el contenido, que los mensajes rígidos. Las mujeres que realizan trabajos relacionados con carreras técnicas, a pesar de desempeñar un rol claramente masculino, todavía encarnan algunas características propias del rol tradicional femenino (se les atribuye un mayor amor a la familia y una mayor sensibilidad que a sus colegas masculinos). Sin embargo, no hay diferencias en relación con los valores instrumentales (ser inteligente, trabajador, o eficaz).Ministerio Educación CIDEBiblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín, 5 - 3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; Fax +34917748026; [email protected]