Vapaa-ajan kalastus Saimaalla 2014–2015

Osana Saimaannorppa-LIFE –hanketta selvitettiin vapaa-ajankalastusta Saimaalla, saimaannorpan esiintymisalueella, 15.4.2014 – 14.4.2015 välisenä aikana. Selvityksessä tarkasteltiin kalastuksen alueellista ja vuodenaikaista jakautumista sekä kalastajien, pyynnin ja saaliin määriä ja tärkeimpiä pyyntitapoja ja saalislajeja. Työssä tarkasteltiin myös kalastuksen merkitystä harrastuksena ja suhtautumista norpansuojelun takia annettuihin kalastusrajoituksiin. Kalastuksen ajallista jakautumista selvitettiin verkkopyynnin rajoitusten aikana 15.4.–30.6., heinäkuussa, loppuvuonna ja alkuvuonna ennen verkkorajoituskauden alkua. Selvitys tehtiin posti- ja internet-kyselynä otokselle Saimaan lähialueen kaupunkien ja maaseutumaisten alueiden asukkaista sekä alueella vapaa-ajanasunnon omistavista asuntokunnista. Otos oli 13 776 asuntokuntaa ja kyselyyn vastasi niistä 38,6 %. Vajaassa kolmanneksessa Saimaan alueen asuntokunnista kalastettiin. Yleisintä kalastus oli vapaa-ajanasunnon omistavien asuntokuntien keskuudessa. Niistä liki puolessa kalastettiin. Maaseudulla asuvista asuntokunnista vajaassa kolmanneksessa ja kaupungeissa asuvista noin viidenneksessä kalastettiin. Kalastajajoukko jakautui kolmeen osaan, kolmannes asui maaseudulla, kolmannes kaupungeissa ja kolmannes oli vapaa-ajanasukkaita. Maaseudun asukkaat kalastivat eniten, lähes puolet koko pyyntiponnistuksesta. Pyyntivuorokausia kertyi lähes 4 miljoonaa, eniten solmuväliltään alle 60 mm verkoilla talvella, katiskoilla rajoituskautena ja vetouistelussa koko avovesikauden ajan, lomakauteen painottuen. Verkkokalastus painottui heinäkuuhun, loppusyksyyn ja talviaikaan. Tärkeimmät verkkokalastusalueet olivat eteläinen Suur-Saimaa, Pihlajavesi ja Puruvesi. Uistelua harrastettiin eniten kaupunkien lähivesillä. Saimaan vapaa-ajankalastajien saalis oli noin 1,6 miljoonaa kiloa (4 kg/ha) ja tärkeimmät saalislajit olivat ahven, hauki ja kuha. Suurimmat saaliit saatiin keväällä ja alkukesästä. Alkukesästä saatiin parhaat ahven-, hauki- ja lahnasaaliit, loppuvuonna muikkusaaliit ja talvella kuhasaaliit. Kalastus oli erittäin tai melko tärkeä harrastus noin puolelle alueen vapaa-ajankalastajista, tärkeämpää paikallisille asukkaille kuin kesämökkiläisille. Kalastuksesta haettiin virkistystä ja se mahdollisti yhdessäolon perheen tai ystävien kanssa. Noin puolelle se oli myös tärkeä tapa hankkia ruokaa. Verkkopyynti avovesikautena, onkiminen ja vetouistelu olivat Saimaan alueen kalastajien tärkeimpiä pyyntimuotoja. Verkkokalastus oli jonkin verran vähentynyt viime vuosina ja veto- ja heittouistelu lisääntynyt. Noin puolet vastaajista halusi ilmaista näkemyksensä norpansuojelun takia annetuista kalastusrajoituksista. Taajamien ja maaseudun asukkaat ja mökinomistajat eivät tässä suhteessa eronneet toisistaan. Kalastusharrastus sen sijaan näkyi suhtautumisessa. Koska kalastusrajoitusten koettiin vähentäneen verkkokalastusta ja myös saaliita, kalastajat myös ottivat kantaa kalastusrajoitusten muutostarpeisiin kalastamattomia useammin. Muutoksia haluavat kalastajat haluaisivat vähentää ja kalastamattomat lisätä rajoituksia.201

The link between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms and obesity-related traits: Genetic and prenatal explanations

Abstract Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co-occurs with obesity, however, the potential causality between the traits remains unclear. We examined both genetic and prenatal evidence for causality using Mendelian Randomisation (MR) and polygenic risk scores (PRS). We conducted bi-directional MR on ADHD liability and six obesity-related traits using summary statistics from the largest available meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies. We also examined the shared genetic aetiology between ADHD symptoms (inattention and hyperactivity) and body mass index (BMI) by PRS association analysis using longitudinal data from Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986, n = 2984). Lastly, we examined the impact of the prenatal environment by association analysis of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and offspring ADHD symptoms, adjusted for PRS of both traits, in NFBC1986 dataset. Through MR analyses, we found evidence for bidirectional causality between ADHD liability and obesity-related traits. PRS association analyses showed evidence for genetic overlap between ADHD symptoms and BMI. We found no evidence for a difference between inattention and hyperactivity symptoms, suggesting that neither symptom subtype is driving the association. We found evidence for association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and offspring ADHD symptoms after adjusting for both BMI and ADHD PRS (association p-value = 0.027 for inattention, p = 0.008 for hyperactivity). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the co-occurrence between ADHD and obesity has both genetic and prenatal environmental origins

The genetic variant rs4073 A→T of the Interleukin-8 promoter region is associated with the earlier onset of exudative age-related macular degeneration

Peer reviewe

Psychometric evaluation of social phobia and anxiety inventory for children (SPAI-C) and social anxiety scale for children-revised (SASC-R)

The study evaluated the psychometric properties of Finnish versions of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C) and the Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised (SASC-R). 352 students (M = 12.2 years) participated in the study and completed the SPAI-C and SASC-R. In addition, 68 participants (M = 12.2 years) and their parents were interviewed with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children (K-SADS-PL). The SPAI-C was more sensitive for identifying youth meeting criteria for social phobia (SP), whereas the SASC-R demonstrated greater specificity. The youth in this sample had lower mean total scores on the self-report questionnaires than did those in the original validitation studies of the SPAI-C and SASC-R conducted in America. These findings question whether cross-cultural differences in the expression of SP influence the clinical cut-off scores used in translated versions of social anxiety questionnaires

Childhood predictors of later psychiatric hospital treatment: findings from the Finnish 1981 birth cohort study

Psychiatric hospital treatment (PHT) is expensive and indicates a severe disorder. Investigation of the early identification of this small patient group has though been hindered by small samples or unsatisfactory assessment in childhood. The present study aims to study the predictive association between psychopathology at age 8 using multi-informant assessment and later PHT. A nationwide birth cohort of Finnish children (n = 5,346) was assessed at age 8 to obtain information about psychopathology using the Rutter parent and teacher reports and self-reports of depressive symptoms. The main outcome was admission to any hospital with a primary diagnosis of any psychiatric disorder according to the Finnish National Hospital Discharge Register between age 13 and 24. Between age 13 and 24, 6.2% of the males and 4.1% of the females had been admitted for PHT. Among males, PHT was independently predicted by non-intact family and adult reports of conduct and of emotional symptoms, while among females by self-reported depressive symptoms. However, the combination of conduct and emotional problems was the strongest predictor for PHT in both sexes. Admission due to psychosis among males was associated with childhood conduct, attention, and emotional problems, but with emotional problems among females. Psychopathology at age 8 can be seen as a long-lasting increased risk of severe psychiatric disorders requiring hospital treatment in adolescence or early adulthood. Attention should be paid to self-reports among females and of comorbid conduct and emotional problems in both sexes in the early identification of this patient group

When does the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) predict autism spectrum disorders in primary school-aged children?

The aims of this study were, firstly, to study the association between parents’ and teachers’ ratings for the Finnish version of the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), secondly, to find out whether the original cut-off scores of the ASSQ identify primary school-aged children with Asperger syndrome (AS) or autism by using the Finnish ASSQ, and thirdly, to evaluate the validity of the ASSQ. Parents and/or teachers of higher-functioning (full-scale intelligence quotient ≥ 50) 8-year-old total population school children (n = 4,408) and 7–12-year-old outpatients with AS/autism (n = 47) completed the Finnish version of the ASSQ. Agreement between informants was slight. In the whole total population, low positive correlation was found between parents’ and teachers’ ratings, while in the sample of high-scoring children the correlation turned out to be negative. A cut-off of 30 for parents’ and teacher's summed score and 22 for teachers’ single score is recommended. A valid cut-off for parents’ single score could not been estimated. The clinicians are reminded that the ASSQ is a screening instrument, not a diagnosing instrument. The importance of using both parents’ and teachers’ ratings for screening in clinical settings is underlined

Autismikirjon häiriön varhainen tunnistaminen ja diagnosointi Suomessa - perheiden näkemys

English summaryPeer reviewe

Cumulative contextual risk at birth in relation to adolescent substance use, conduct problems, and risky sex: General and specific predictive associations in a Finnish birth cohort

Background—Research indicates that risk factors cluster in the most vulnerable youth, increasing their susceptibility for adverse developmental outcomes. However, most studies of cumulative risk are cross-sectional or short-term longitudinal, and have been based on data from the United States or the United Kingdom. Using data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 Study (NFBC1986), we examined cumulative contextual risk (CCR) at birth as a predictor of adolescent substance use and co-occurring conduct problems and risky sex to determine the degree to which CCR predicts specific outcomes over-and-above its effect on general problem behavior, while testing for moderation of associations by gender. Methods—Analyses of survey data from 6963 participants of the NFBC1986 followed from the prenatal/birth period into adolescence were conducted using structural equation modeling. Results—CCR had long-term positive associations with first-order substance use, conduct problems, and risky sex factors, and, in a separate analysis, with a second-order general problem behavior factor. Further analyses showed that there was a positive specific effect of CCR on risky sex, over-and-above general problem behavior, for girls only. Conclusions—This study, conducted within the Finnish context, showed that CCR at birth had long-term general and specific predictive associations with substance use and co-occurring problem behaviors in adolescence; effects on risky sex were stronger for girls. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that early exposure to CCR can have lasting adverse consequences, suggesting the need for early identification and intervention efforts for vulnerable children

Cumulative contextual risk at birth in relation to adolescent substance use, conduct problems, and risky sex: General and specific predictive associations in a Finnish birth cohort

Background—Research indicates that risk factors cluster in the most vulnerable youth, increasing their susceptibility for adverse developmental outcomes. However, most studies of cumulative risk are cross-sectional or short-term longitudinal, and have been based on data from the United States or the United Kingdom. Using data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 Study (NFBC1986), we examined cumulative contextual risk (CCR) at birth as a predictor of adolescent substance use and co-occurring conduct problems and risky sex to determine the degree to which CCR predicts specific outcomes over-and-above its effect on general problem behavior, while testing for moderation of associations by gender. Methods—Analyses of survey data from 6963 participants of the NFBC1986 followed from the prenatal/birth period into adolescence were conducted using structural equation modeling. Results—CCR had long-term positive associations with first-order substance use, conduct problems, and risky sex factors, and, in a separate analysis, with a second-order general problem behavior factor. Further analyses showed that there was a positive specific effect of CCR on risky sex, over-and-above general problem behavior, for girls only. Conclusions—This study, conducted within the Finnish context, showed that CCR at birth had long-term general and specific predictive associations with substance use and co-occurring problem behaviors in adolescence; effects on risky sex were stronger for girls. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that early exposure to CCR can have lasting adverse consequences, suggesting the need for early identification and intervention efforts for vulnerable children