A new optimization uniformity for indoor visible light communication systems using optical attocells configuration

The demand for high data rate, capacity, increasing user mobility as well as low power consumption is increasing daily, where it is considered as main the challenges facing the radio frequency (RF) technology. Therefore, an alternative technology called visible light communications (VLC) was adopted to overcome these challenges. This technology is expected to support 5G and beyond due to its high and free frequency offered, as well as robust security. The main problem of this research is, the distribution of a few numbers of optical attocells on the ceiling have caused multiple blind areas in the room, and resulted in nonuniformity distribution. Besides that, employing large numbers of optical attocells has caused a severe ISI, which degrades the system performance, and produced large RMS delay. Therefore, to avoid this problem, a new arrangement of optical attocells, in addition to optimizing the VLC system parameters is proposed. In this research, the proposed arrangement of optical attocells configuration models will improve the uniformity in terms of received power and SNR. The SAAHP, FOV, and CV are used to study the behavior of the two proposed models. The average received power of 2.85 dBm is obtained for the proposed Model Basic 2 that consists of 13 optical attocells, which varies from -0.57 to 4.92 dBm. Moreover, the average SNR of 75.37 dB is obtained for the proposed Model Basic 2, which varies from 68.52 to 79.5 dB. The maximum of received power and SNR is obtained at the center of the room. The better uniformity (CV) of 0.374 and 0.0283 are obtained for the received power and SNR respectively. Additionally, six various modulation techniques are studied to evaluate the proposed models, all modulations produced better BER (≤10−6) at data rate 30 Mbps, while the higher order modulations (L-PPM and M-PAM) produced higher data rate reaching up to 100 Gbps with a BER ≤10−6. This research also investigated an industrial warehouse model with different heights level, where a data rate of 30 Mbps is achieved with acceptable received power and SNR respectively. A BER ≤10−6 is obtained with L-PPM and M-PAM modulation techniques

Optimization of received power and SNR for an indoor attocells network in visible light communication

White LEDs Visible Light Communication (VLC) is applied in communication and illumination simultaneously. It provides unrestrained frequency spectrum and a large bandwidth that produces a higher transmission rate and speed in short-range communication. Also, VLC was considered as a promising alternative technology to the radio frequency in the next generation of communication systems. In this paper, the optical attocells configuration and LEDs distribution are proposed for optimizing the received power and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) in the Line of Sight (LOS) propagation link. Besides that, the trade-off between minimum SNR and received power are investigated. The simulation results showed that the proposed model can save 6.25% of the total transmitted power, and the optical received power versus semi-angle and field of view have with about increased 16.5% and 27.54% respectively. Moreover, the SNR also has 7.4% improvement. Hence, the proposed configuration model has improved the performance of VLC systems and has widen the window for future improvement

Integration of hybrid networks, AI, Ultra Massive-MIMO, THz frequency, and FBMC modulation toward 6g requirements : A Review

The fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications have been deployed in many countries with the following features: wireless networks at 20 Gbps as peak data rate, a latency of 1-ms, reliability of 99.999%, maximum mobility of 500 km/h, a bandwidth of 1-GHz, and a capacity of 106 up to Mbps/m2. Nonetheless, the rapid growth of applications, such as extended/virtual reality (XR/VR), online gaming, telemedicine, cloud computing, smart cities, the Internet of Everything (IoE), and others, demand lower latency, higher data rates, ubiquitous coverage, and better reliability. These higher requirements are the main problems that have challenged 5G while concurrently encouraging researchers and practitioners to introduce viable solutions. In this review paper, the sixth-generation (6G) technology could solve the 5G limitations, achieve higher requirements, and support future applications. The integration of multiple access techniques, terahertz (THz), visible light communications (VLC), ultra-massive multiple-input multiple-output ( μm -MIMO), hybrid networks, cell-free massive MIMO, and artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) have been proposed for 6G. The main contributions of this paper are a comprehensive review of the 6G vision, KPIs (key performance indicators), and advanced potential technologies proposed with operation principles. Besides, this paper reviewed multiple access and modulation techniques, concentrating on Filter-Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) as a potential technology for 6G. This paper ends by discussing potential applications with challenges and lessons identified from prior studies to pave the path for future research

Device to Device Communication for Internet of Things Ecosystem: An overview

Device to device (D2D) communication is deemed as an emerging technology to support next-generation of cellular networks, it reduces time delay in communication, saves the energy consumption, and offer better spectrum efficiency.  The exchange of information between groups of D2D communication connected simultaneously under the umbrella of cellular networks is presented and called internet of things (IoT). The purpose of this paper is to investigate the D2D communication and IoT technology.  We present state of the art of these emerging technologies included related works and applications, in conclusion, we present the challenges and new trends of research for both technologies

Integration of Hybrid Networks, AI, Ultra Massive-MIMO, THz Frequency, and FBMC Modulation Toward 6G Requirements: A Review

The fifth-generation (5G) wireless communications have been deployed in many countries with the following features: wireless networks at 20 Gbps as peak data rate, a latency of 1-ms, reliability of 99.999%, maximum mobility of 500 km/h, a bandwidth of 1-GHz, and a capacity of 106 up to Mbps/m2. Nonetheless, the rapid growth of applications, such as extended/virtual reality (XR/VR), online gaming, telemedicine, cloud computing, smart cities, the Internet of Everything (IoE), and others, demand lower latency, higher data rates, ubiquitous coverage, and better reliability. These higher requirements are the main problems that have challenged 5G while concurrently encouraging researchers and practitioners to introduce viable solutions. In this review paper, the sixth-generation (6G) technology could solve the 5G limitations, achieve higher requirements, and support future applications. The integration of multiple access techniques, terahertz (THz), visible light communications (VLC), ultra-massive multiple-input multiple-output ( $\mu {\mathrm{ m}}$ -MIMO), hybrid networks, cell-free massive MIMO, and artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML) have been proposed for 6G. The main contributions of this paper are a comprehensive review of the 6G vision, KPIs (key performance indicators), and advanced potential technologies proposed with operation principles. Besides, this paper reviewed multiple access and modulation techniques, concentrating on Filter-Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) as a potential technology for 6G. This paper ends by discussing potential applications with challenges and lessons identified from prior studies to pave the path for future research

Drones for Road Accident Management: A Systematic Review

The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the academic literature regarding applications of drones in road accident management. It is an attempt to address key research questions regarding its status, applications, solutions, challenges, and opportunities. It is the first scholarly study specifically devoted to this topic that we are aware of. A systematic search of the Web of Science and Scopus databases yielded 26 relevant articles out of 147 initially identified records. The findings indicate that the emphasis in earlier studies has predominantly been on accident investigation and analysis, with a specific focus on 3D accident scene reconstruction. This review also shows a growing trend towards adopting emerging technologies like drones and integrating them with Industry 4.0 technologies for efficient road accident management. The advantages of drones for each component of road accident management were explored, and their primary challenges were identified, which are linked to flight (permission or operation) and data (collection or processing). Despite the existence of different solution methodologies and frameworks, there remains a dearth of studies examining their suitability for complex accident cases, real-life scenarios, and large-scale accidents