Lactic acid production from Kenaf fibre

Lactic acid is a useful polymer that can be applied in various purposes such as preservative, acidulant, and flavor in food, textile, and pharmaceutical industries, and a raw material for lactate ester, propylene gylcol, 2,3-pentanedione, propanoic acid, acrylic acid, acetalaldehyde, and dilactide in chemical industries. In polylactic acid production, the common starch or cellulose sources which basically used are from food crops sources where their prices are so high resulted in competition with other fields’ demands. As if the raw materials are considerably high, it may result in high cost production of polylactic acid. Indeed, the fermentation technique also have to ensure contribute to less environment effect since it involved chemical solution. Therefore, in this study kenaf fibre waste has offers cost effective of raw material and this kenaf fibre has been treated for Lactobacillus rhamnosus fermentation to produce polylactic acid. The chemical solution used in this study also considered less harm to environment since they are type of organic acid. Hence, this study tried to produce polylactic acid (PLA) that offers cost effective and environmentally friendly. Moreover, the successful obtaining PLA then had been compared to the existing commercial PLA in terms of their properties

Extraction of glucose from kenaf core using mild acid treatment

Recently, many industries are aims to reduce the usage of petroleum based product or synthetic fibre due to the increment of the environmental consciousness. This has lead to the extensive research on the natural fibre in order to produce eco–friendly product that will replace the existing petroleum based products. Natural fibre can be derived from many sources such as plants, animals or minerals. However the plant fibre such as kenaf is more desirable by most of the researcher. Kenaf or scientifically known as Hibiscus cannabinus. L has a complex structure because it consists of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. Due to this reason, kenaf need to undergo treatment process in order to remove lignin and hemicellulose, reduce crystallinity of cellulose and increase porosity. In this study, acid treatment method was used with several parameters process such as temperature and time for getting high yield of glucose conversion. The substantially highest glucose yield was 3.4 g/L produced at 200 ºC for 60 minutes

An Interactive and Dynamic Search-Based Approach to Software Refactoring Recommendations

Successful software products evolve through a process of continual change. However, this process may weaken the design of the software and make it unnecessarily complex, leading to significantly reduced productivity and increased fault-proneness. Refactoring improves the software design while preserving overall functionality and behavior, and is an important technique in managing the growing complexity of software systems. Most of the existing work on software refactoring uses either an entirely manual or a fully automated approach. Manual refactoring is time-consuming, error-prone and unsuitable for large-scale, radical refactoring. On the other hand, fully automated refactoring yields a static list of refactorings which, when applied, leads to a new and often hard to comprehend design. Furthermore, it is difficult to merge these refactorings with other changes performed in parallel by developers. In this paper, we propose a refactoring recommendation approach that dynamically adapts and interactively suggests refactorings to developers and takes their feedback into consideration. Our approach uses NSGA-II to find a set of good refactoring solutions that improve software quality while minimizing the deviation from the initial design. These refactoring solutions are then analyzed to extract interesting common features between them such as the frequently occurring refactorings in the best non-dominated solutions. Based on this analysis, the refactorings are ranked and suggested to the developer in an interactive fashion as a sequence of transformations. The developer can approve, modify or reject each of the recommended refactorings, and this feedback is then used to update the proposed rankings of recommended refactorings. After a number of introduced code changes and interactions with the developer, the interactive NSGA-II algorithm is executed again on the new modified system to repair the set of refactoring solutions based on the new changes and the feedback received from the developer. We evaluated our approach on a set of eight open source systems and two industrial projects provided by an industrial partner. Statistical analysis of our experiments shows that our dynamic interactive refactoring approach performed significantly better than four existing search-based refactoring techniques and one fully-automated refactoring tool not based on heuristic search