The Effect of 6-Week Interval and Continuous Training with Zizphus Vulgaris Extract Supplementation on Hippocampus’s BDNF Male Wistar Rats

Background: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of 6-week interval and Continuous training with Zizphus Vulgaris Extract supplementation on the hippocampus’s BDNF male Wistar rats. Methods: Among 36 male rats (250-350 gr), randomly after adjusting the body weight, 6 rats were separated as the control group. 30 rats were divided into 5 groups: Continuous group (n=6), Interval group (n=6), Continuous with Zizphus Vulgaris Extract group (n=6), Interval with Zizphus Vulgaris Extract group (n=6) and Zizphus Vulgaris Extract group (n=6). The training groups completed 8 weeks of the training program, 5 days/week according to protocol. The Endurance Continuous protocol includes running exercise on a treadmill for, 10 m/min, 10 min/day to up 16 m/min, 40 min/ day. Endurance Interval protocol includes running exercise on a treadmill for, 5*4 min, with intensity 10 m/min to up 23 m/min, 52 min/ day.  The Zizphus Vulgaris Extract group, every 6 weeks, each rat consumed 400 mg/kg.day and 1.5 mL. At the end of the intervention, the animals were euthanized and the hippocampus’s BDNF was measured. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA tests (Pvalue<0.05). Results: Interval with the Zizphus Vulgaris Extract group had significantly increased hippocampus’s BDNF compared to control and Zizphus Vulgaris Extract groups ( respectively p= 0.01, p= 0.02). Other comparisons were not significant.  Conclusions: Interval with Zizphus Vulgaris Extract induce more effective favorable changes in the hippocampus’s BDNF in male rats. Likely, that be the best Strategy to prevent negative effects on the hippocampus’s BDNF decrease. Keywords: Interval training, Continuous training, Zizphus Vulgaris extract supplementation, Hippocampus’s BDNF, male wistar rats

Eccentric resistance training and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid affects muscle PGC-1 alpha expression and serum irisin, nesfatin-1 and resistin in rats

The hypothalamus controls metabolism and feeding behaviour via several signals with other tissues. Exercise and supplements can change hypothalamic signalling pathways, so the present study investigated the influence of eccentric resistance training and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation on PGC-1α expression, serum irisin, nesfatin-1 and resistin concentrations. Thirty-two male rats (8 weeks old, 200±17 g body mass) were randomly allocated to control, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation (HMB), eccentric resistance training (ERT), and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation plus eccentric resistance training (HMB+ERT) groups. Training groups undertook eccentric resistance training (6 weeks, 3 times a week) and supplement groups consumed β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA) orally (76 mg kg-1 day-1). Twenty-four hours after the last training session, serum and triceps brachii muscle samples were collected and sent to the laboratory for analysis. Two-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation were employed (significance level: P<0.05). The results showed that eccentric resistance training increases skeletal muscle PGC-1α gene expression, as well as serum levels of irisin and nesfatin-1 (P=0.001). Eccentric resistance training decreased the serum concentration of resistin (P=0.001). HMB-FA supplementation increased skeletal muscle PGC-1α gene expression (P=0.002), as well as the serum concentration of irisin and nesfatin-1 (P=0.001), but decreased the serum concentration of resistin (P=0.001). Significant correlations were observed between PGC-1α gene expression and serum concentrations of irisin, nesfatin-1 and resistin. HMB-FA supplementation with eccentric resistance training may induce crosstalk between peptide release from other tissues and increases maximal muscle strength. The combination of the two interventions had a more substantial effect than each in isolation

The Effect of 6 Weeks of High Intensity Interval Training with Fenugreek Supplementation on Lipid Profile and Body Composition Indices in Overweight and Obese Women

Background & aim: Obesity as a global challenge is caused by positive energy balance. Increasing the intensity of physical activity is related to reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and probably for this reason, it leads to the improvement of blood lipoproteins. Also, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the role of various plants in reducing blood fats and thus reducing obesity-related diseases. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the effect of 6 weeks of intense interval training with fenugreek supplement on lipid profile and body composition indices of overweight and obese women. Methods: The present semi-experimental study was conducted in Birjand, Iran, in 2019. Forty-eight obese and overweight women with an average age of 29.79±7.8 years and a body mass index of 29.29±2.6 kg/m2 were purposefully selected and randomly divided into 4 groups of 12 including; The groups of exercise + placebo, exercise + supplement, supplement and placebo were placed. The exercise groups performed three sessions of intense interval training protocol (shuttle run) at maximum speed during 6 weeks and every week. Blood sampling was done 48 hours before and 48 hours after the training period and taking supplements. The collected data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk, covariance and post-hoc Scheffé statistical tests. Results: Research findings indicated a significant decrease in TG, in the groups of exercise (p=0.001), supplement (p=0.003) and exercise + supplement (p=0.0001), significant decrease TC in exercise groups (p=0.001), supplement (p=0.001), exercise + supplement (p=0.0001), significant reduction of LDL in exercise groups (p=0.001) p), supplement (p=0.002) and exercise + supplement (p=0.0001), significant weight loss in the groups of exercise (p=0.0001), supplement (p=0.007) and exercise + supplement (p=0.0001), fat percentage in exercise groups (p=0.0001), supplement (p=0.0001) and exercise + supplement (p=0.0001) and BMI in the group exercise (p=0.001), supplement (p=0.001) and exercise + supplement (p=0.0001) and no significant change in HDL (p=0.18) and WHR (0.78) were observed. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it appeared that HIIT exercise along with the consumption of fenugreek supplement could be effective in preventing the occurrence of some diseases related to obesity

The Effects of Combined Training on OxidativeStress and Antioxidant Defense Indicators

Introduction: Physical activity and exercise due to increased cellular oxidative process lead to increased free-radical production and reactive oxygen species. "Oxidative stress" is defined as the disturbed balance between oxidative and antioxidative indicators in favor of oxidative species. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 23 sedentary boys volunteered to participate. They were randomly assigned to 2 groups of training (n = 13) and control (n = 10). The combined trainings included endurance running with 60% to 80% of maximum heart rate and resistance weight training with 40% to 50% and one repetition maximum intensity. Blood samples were taken from the subjects’ forearm vein, 24 hours before and 48 hours after the last training session in a fasting state. Paired and independent t tests were used to locate the inner-group and inter-group changes respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. A P <0.01 was considered significant. Results: Malondialdehyde (MDA) level as a marker of oxidative stress in the exercise group decreased significantly after 24 sessions of exercise (P = 0.015), while the index of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) significantly increased in the exercise group (P = 0.021). There was no significant difference in the 2 indexes in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The present study suggests that combined training provides a good balance between indicators of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense among sedentary boys and this would prevent the overproduction of free radicals

The Effect of 8-Week Circular Resistance Training on Plasma Levels of Vaspin, High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Overweight and Obese Young Wom

Background and Objectives: Vaspin is a molecule belonging to the adipokine family. hs-CRP is the most sensitive predictive inflammatory marker for cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present research was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on the plasma level of vaspin, hs-CRP, and some anthropometric variables in overweight and obese young women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design, 22 inactive students with body mass index (BMI)>25Kg/m2 were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups: 1) Resistance training group (N=12); 2) Control of (N=10). Blood samples were taken before and after the training, after 12 hours of overnight fasting, 24 hours before the start of training, and 48 hours after the last training session. The experimental group performed an 8-week training in 8 stations, with 65-80% of one repetition maximum, 4 sessions of 45 min per week. Data were analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov, dependent t-, and independent t-tests (for comparison between the groups). The significance level was considered to be &alpha;< 0.05. Results: In the experimental group, 8 weeks of resistance training in the in intragroup comparison, significant changes was observed in Vaspin, hs-CRP, and all anthropometric indicators (p<0.05). Also, in the intergroup changes, a significant change was observed in VO2max level (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that 8 weeks of resistance training can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in overweight and obese girles thorough decrease in vaspin and hs-CRP. &nbsp

The Effect of Spirulina Supplementation and Circuit Resistance Training (CRT) on Plasma Values of Resistin, and Some Indicators of Body Composition of Overweight, and Obese Police Officers

Aims: One of the effective ways to control weight is to use regular exercise and herbal supplements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of spirulina supplementation, and CRTon plasma levels of resistin, and some indicators of body composition of overweight and obese police officers. Materials & Methods: The present study was a single-blind, semi-experimental, and applied study. For this purpose, 60 overweight and obese men with a body mass index of more than 25 (kg/m2), and with an age range of 30 to 55 years were purposefully selected, and randomly divided into four groups: training + spirulina, training + placebo, spirulina, and Placebos. The intervention and placebo groups took two 500 mg spirulina, and placebo capsules daily for eight weeks, respectively. Circuit resistance exercises were performed for eight weeks, three sessions per week. resistin levels, and some body composition indices were measured before and after exercise. Findings: There was a significant difference in body weight between groups (p<0.05). In the intragroup study, the values ​​of resistin in the training + spirulina group, body weight, and body mass index in the training + spirulina, training + placebo, and spirulina groups fat percentage, waist-to- hip ratio in the training + spirulina, and training + placebo groups decreased significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion: It seems that spirulina supplementation combined with CRT by reducing the plasma levels of resistin, and some indicators of body composition, can be effective in weight loss, obesity, and cardiovascular health

Effects of Endurance and Resistance Training on Plasma Levels of Chemerin and Factors Related to Obesity in Overweight and Obese Females

Background & aim: Obesity is accompanied with a lot of metabolic disorders such as changing Adipokines like Chemerin. The present study evaluated the effects of endurance and resistance training on Plasma levels of chemerin and Factors related to obesity in overweight and obese females. Methods: In this study 34 overweight and obese females with an average of age (22.29±2.49 years), body mass index (BMI) (30.19±2.79 kg/m2), weight (77.23±10 kg) participated voluntarily and were randomly assigned into two experimental groups (n=12) and one control group (n=10). Endurance and resistance training groups trained for 8 weeks (4 days a week), respectively with intensity of 65 to 80% maximum heart rate (HRmax) and 65 to 80% one repetition maximum (1RM). In two steps of pre-test and post-test, after 12 hours of fasting, the blood samples were collected in the same conditions and ELIZA method was used to assess Plasma levels of Chemerin. Kolmogorov-Smirnove test was used to evaluate the normal distribution of data, the variation within groups using paired t-test and variation between groups analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD were used in significant level (P<0.05). Results: Plasma Chemerin decreased significantly after 8 weeks of training in endurance group (P0.05). Also In the experimental groups, factors related to obesity (weight, fat mass, WHR and BMI) were significantly decreased while the maximum oxygen consumption were significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusions: Both endurance and resistance training, improved Factors related to Obesity and maximum oxygen consumption, but endurance training with a significant reduction in plasma chemerin, has a more effective role in health and reducing inflammation in overweight and obese females

Effects of Endurance and Circuit Resistance Trainings on Lipid Profile, Heart Rate, and Hematological Parameters in Obese Male Students

Studies have shown that different exercise ways are of the most important factors that affect cardiovascular risk factors and hematological parameters. This present paper aims to study the effects of two methods of endurance and resistance training on lipid profiles, heart rate, and hematological parameters in obese male students. 36 obese students were purposefully selected and randomly divided into three groups of 12 including endurance exercise, resistance exercise, and control. Exercise program was performed 3 times a week for 8 weeks, with a specific duration and intensity in both endurance and resistance exercise groups. Blood sampling was done after 14 fasting before the trial and 48 hours after the last training session. Results showed that both resistance and endurance exercises significantly increased HDL-C, Hct, and Hb and significantly decreased TC, TG, and resting heart rate (P>0.05). Also, Resistance exercise significantly increased the PLT and decreased LDL-C (P>0.05). However, WBC and RBC showed no significant change in the resistance and endurance exercise groups (P>0.05). In addition, no significant difference was observed between endurance and resistance exercise (P>0.05). In general, both endurance and resistance exercises can affect the lipid profile and hematological parameters and also reduce the resting heart rate. Therefore, they can be considered as an appropriate and non-medication approaches to prevent and reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and obesity-related disorders in obese male adolescents