Flying under the Radar: Two Decades of DNA Testing at IRCC

Since the early 1990s, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (formerly Citizenship and Immigration Canada) began using DNA testing technology in the processing of family reunification applications. Over the years, Canadian citizens, permanent residents, and family members living abroad have been increasingly suggested, or required to undergo DNA testing to either facilitate or enable them to reunite in Canada, under the family reunification procedure. This practice, although said to be rare, has since grown in popularity, and is used more extensively for applications coming from certain regions, including Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. Through analysis of recent case law, this paper explores the ethical, legal, and social issues raised by the use of DNA testing technology and genetic information to confirm familial relationships in the context of family reunification, and provides potential avenues to address these challenges

Is Genetic Discrimination Back on the Radar? A Commentary on the Recent Court of Appeal Reference Decision on the Genetic Non- Discrimination Act (GNDA)

In this commentary, we critically review the Quebec Court of Appeal’s reference decision to the effect that the Genetic Non-Discrimination Act (GNDA) is unconstitutional. In sum, the court held that the federal government exceeded its criminal law power through the GNDA, as the Act did not have a valid criminal law purpose. The decision was met with opposition, as advocacy groups for Canadians suffering from genetic diseases or genetic predispositions viewed the GNDA as a step in the right direction and were hopeful that it would offer protection from genetic discrimination. In closing, we argue that the consequences of the Court of Appeal’s opinion will be less dire than anticipated by some advocacy groups. In fact, we suggest that this decision brings about a unique opportunity for progress, where stakeholders can engage the public and policymakers in a forward- looking debate on the use of genetic information.Dans ce commentaire, nous examinons de façon critique la décision de renvoi de la Cour d’appel du Québec à l’effet que la Loi sur la non-discrimination génétique (LNDA) est inconstitutionnelle. En résumé, la Cour a conclu que le gouvernement fédéral a outrepassé ses pouvoirs en matière de droit pénal par l’entremise de la LNDA, car celle-ci n’avait pas d’objet valide en droit pénal. Cette décision a fait l’objet d’une opposition car les groupes de défense des intérêts des Canadiens souffrant de maladies génétiques ou de prédispositions génétiques considéraient la LNDA comme un pas dans la bonne direction et espéraient qu’elle offrirait une protection contre la discrimination génétique. En terminant, nous soutenons que les conséquences de l’avis de la Cour d’appel seront moins graves que ne le prévoient certains groupes de défense. En fait, nous suggérons que cette décision offre une occasion unique de progrès, où les intervenants peuvent faire participer le public et les décideurs à un débat tourné vers l’avenir sur l’utilisation de l’information génétique

Is Genetic Discrimination Back on the Radar? A Commentary on the Recent Court of Appeal Reference Decision on the Genetic Non- Discrimination Act (GNDA)

In this commentary, we critically review the Quebec Court of Appeal’s reference decision to the effect that the Genetic Non-Discrimination Act (GNDA) is unconstitutional. In sum, the court held that the federal government exceeded its criminal law power through the GNDA, as the Act did not have a valid criminal law purpose. The decision was met with opposition, as advocacy groups for Canadians suffering from genetic diseases or genetic predispositions viewed the GNDA as a step in the right direction and were hopeful that it would offer protection from genetic discrimination. In closing, we argue that the consequences of the Court of Appeal’s opinion will be less dire than anticipated by some advocacy groups. In fact, we suggest that this decision brings about a unique opportunity for progress, where stakeholders can engage the public and policymakers in a forward- looking debate on the use of genetic information

LES ENJEUX QUÉBÉCOIS DE LA DISCRIMINATION GÉNÉTIQUE : L’EXPÉRIENCE D’UN FORUM EN LIGNE

La recherche empirique sur la problématique de la discrimination génétique (DG) au Québec est généralement limitée. À ce titre, cette étude vise, au moyen d’une méthodologie qualitative, à explorer et à recueillir les opinions, les expériences et les connaissances des Québécois à l’égard de la DG. En concordance avec les objectifs exploratoires de cette étude, nous avons choisi l’approche du forum en ligne afin de pouvoir extraire des données qualitatives représentant le plus fidèlement possible les perspectives du public québécois sur différents thèmes touchant la DG. L’expérience du forum indique que des craintes tangibles existent par rapport à la DG au Québec, et que s’exprime le besoin d’un débat de société sur cet important enjeu faisant partie intégrante de la révolution génétique et des soins de santé personnalisés.Empirical research regarding genetic discrimination (GD) in the province of Quebec is largely limited. As such, this study aims, through a qualitative methodology, to explore and collect the opinions, experiences and knowledge of Quebecers regarding GD. In accordance with the exploratory objectives of this study, we chose the online forum approach as a means to extract qualitative data that would most accurately represent the perspectives of the Quebec public on various themes relating to GD. Participants’ comments on the forum indicate that there are tangible fears concerning DG in Quebec as well as a need for social debate on this important issue, as an integral part of the genetic revolution and personalized healthcare

LES ENJEUX QUÉBÉCOIS DE LA DISCRIMINATION GÉNÉTIQUE : L’EXPÉRIENCE D’UN FORUM EN LIGNE

La recherche empirique sur la problématique de la discrimination génétique (DG) au Québec est généralement limitée. À ce titre, cette étude vise, au moyen d’une méthodologie qualitative, à explorer et à recueillir les opinions, les expériences et les connaissances des Québécois à l’égard de la DG. En concordance avec les objectifs exploratoires de cette étude, nous avons choisi l’approche du forum en ligne afin de pouvoir extraire des données qualitatives représentant le plus fidèlement possible les perspectives du public québécois sur différents thèmes touchant la DG. L’expérience du forum indique que des craintes tangibles existent par rapport à la DG au Québec, et que s’exprime le besoin d’un débat de société sur cet important enjeu faisant partie intégrante de la révolution génétique et des soins de santé personnalisés.Empirical research regarding genetic discrimination (GD) in the province of Quebec is largely limited. As such, this study aims, through a qualitative methodology, to explore and collect the opinions, experiences and knowledge of Quebecers regarding GD. In accordance with the exploratory objectives of this study, we chose the online forum approach as a means to extract qualitative data that would most accurately represent the perspectives of the Quebec public on various themes relating to GD. Participants’ comments on the forum indicate that there are tangible fears concerning DG in Quebec as well as a need for social debate on this important issue, as an integral part of the genetic revolution and personalized healthcare

Flying under the Radar: Two Decades of DNA Testing at IRCC

Since the early 1990s, Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (formerly Citizenship and Immigration Canada) began using DNA testing technology in the processing of family reunification applications. Over the years, Canadian citizens, permanent residents, and family members living abroad have been increasingly suggested, or required to undergo DNA testing to either facilitate or enable them to reunite in Canada, under the family reunification procedure. This practice, although said to be rare, has since grown in popularity, and is used more extensively for applications coming from certain regions, including Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. Through analysis of recent case law, this paper explores the ethical, legal, and social issues raised by the use of DNA testing technology and genetic information to confirm familial relationships in the context of family reunification, and provides potential avenues to address these challenges

Country Reports

The country reports deal with the regulation of international direct-to-participant genomic research