Planar Superconducting Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

We introduce a microwave circuit architecture for quantum signal processing combining design principles borrowed from high-Q 3D resonators in the quantum regime and from planar structures fabricated with standard lithography. The resulting '2.5D' whispering-gallery mode resonators store 98% of their energy in vacuum. We have measured internal quality factors above 3 million at the single photon level and have used the device as a materials characterization platform to place an upper bound on the surface resistance of thin film aluminum of less than 250nOhms.Comment: 3 Pages, 3 Figure

Implementation of low-loss superinductances for quantum circuits

The simultaneous suppression of charge fluctuations and offsets is crucial for preserving quantum coherence in devices exploiting large quantum fluctuations of the superconducting phase. This requires an environment with both extremely low DC and high RF impedance. Such an environment is provided by a superinductance, defined as a zero DC resistance inductance whose impedance exceeds the resistance quantum $R_Q = h/(2e)^2 \simeq 6.5\ \mathrm{k\Omega}$ at frequencies of interest (1 - 10 GHz). In addition, the superinductance must have as little dissipation as possible, and possess a self-resonant frequency well above frequencies of interest. The kinetic inductance of an array of Josephson junctions is an ideal candidate to implement the superinductance provided its phase slip rate is sufficiently low. We successfully implemented such an array using large Josephson junctions ($E_J >> E_C$), and measured internal losses less than 20 ppm, self-resonant frequencies greater than 10 GHz, and phase slip rates less than 1 mHz

Planar multilayer circuit quantum electrodynamics

Experimental quantum information processing with superconducting circuits is rapidly advancing, driven by innovation in two classes of devices, one involving planar micro-fabricated (2D) resonators, and the other involving machined three-dimensional (3D) cavities. We demonstrate that circuit quantum electrodynamics can be implemented in a multilayer superconducting structure that combines 2D and 3D advantages. We employ standard micro-fabrication techniques to pattern each layer, and rely on a vacuum gap between the layers to store the electromagnetic energy. Planar qubits are lithographically defined as an aperture in a conducting boundary of the resonators. We demonstrate the aperture concept by implementing an integrated, two cavity-modes, one transmon-qubit system

KERATOPLASTICS AND DONORS AND RECIPIENT'S SELECTION ACCORDING TO HUMAN TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENIC SYSTEMS

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Self-esteem and depression in adolescents

PURPOSE. The article looks at self-esteem and depression during adolescence. It is a theoretical study of the relationship between depression and self-esteem. There are types of self-esteem, self-esteem by gender and age. The theories of depression in adolescence, as well as the factors leading to depression, are examined. Several scales for assessing depression are presented. In view of the application of the main features of self-esteem and depression, their intersections in practical context are examined

Biomarkers and neuromodulation techniques in substance use disorders

Addictive disorders are a severe health concern. Conventional therapies have just moderate success and the probability of relapse after treatment remains high. Brain stimulation techniques, such as transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), have been shown to be effective in reducing subjectively rated substance craving. However, there are few objective and measurable parameters that reflect neural mechanisms of addictive disorders and relapse. Key electrophysiological features that characterize substance related changes in neural processing are Event-Related Potentials (ERP). These high temporal resolution measurements of brain activity are able to identify neurocognitive correlates of addictive behaviours. Moreover, ERP have shown utility as biomarkers to predict treatment outcome and relapse probability. A future direction for the treatment of addiction might include neural interfaces able to detect addiction-related neurophysiological parameters and deploy neuromodulation adapted to the identified pathological features in a closed-loop fashion. Such systems may go beyond electrical recording and stimulation to employ sensing and neuromodulation in the pharmacological domain as well as advanced signal analysis and machine learning algorithms. In this review, we describe the state-of-the-art in the treatment of addictive disorders with electrical brain stimulation and its effect on addiction-related neurophysiological markers. We discuss advanced signal processing approaches and multi-modal neural interfaces as building blocks in future bioelectronics systems for treatment of addictive disorders

Effect of foliar products on the inflorescence yield of lavender and essential oil

Received: January 25th, 2022 ; Accepted: May 1st, 2022 ; Published: May 23rd, 2022 ; Correspondence: [email protected] topic of the effect of foliar fertilization on the productivity and oil content of lavender is relevant, but not sufficiently studied. The present study aims to establish the effect of foliar products on the growth, development and productivity of lavender. The field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural University - Plovdiv with lavender of ‘Jubileina’ variety during 2019–2020. The following variants were included in the study: 1. Untreated control; 2. Treatment with Fertileader Gold (FG) - 3 L ha-1; 3. Treatment with Fertiactyl Trium + Fertileader Vital (FT + FVital) - 1.5 + 1.5 L ha-1; 4. Treatment with Fertileader Viti (FViti) - 3 L ha-1; 5. Treatment with Fertileader Vital (FV) - 3 L ha-1; 6. Treatment with Fertileader Alpha (FA) - 3 L ha-1. Those preparations are bio stimulants for foliar application. The treatments were made in two consecutive lavender vegetation seasons. The first application was carried out in the second growing season (2019) and the second in the next, third growing season (2020). The foliar application of all tested products increased the photosynthetic activity, but it was better expressed when using the plant nutrition products FV, FViti and FT + FVital. A positive effect was also observed in the height and diameter of the bush, but during the third vegetation period. The number of flowering stems increased by 62.9%; 59.4%; 53.3% and 8.4%, respectively, when applying the fertilizers FG, FT + FVital, FViti and FV. The application of FG and FT + FVital increased the yield of fresh inflorescences by 6.1% and 3.7%. The application of the different products affected the oil yield in different ways; the application of FG, FT + FVital and FViti increased it, while FV and FA decreased it by 27 kg ha-1 and 16 kg ha-1, respectively, for the first vegetation and by 43.4 kg ha-1and 33.1 kg ha-1 for the second vegetation. The boron containing products FG, FT + FVital and FViti led to a significant increase in the essential oil yield, while the application of the foliar fertilizers FV and FA reduced it. Based on those results, the first three products are recommended

Optical spectroscopy of Be stars: peak separation of Balmer emission lines

The Be stars display variable optical emission lines originating in the circumstellar disc. Here we analyse high resolution spectroscopic observations of Be stars and the distance between the peaks of H-alpha, H-beta, and H-gamma emission lines ($\Delta V_\alpha$, $\Delta V_\beta$, and $\Delta V_\gamma$ respectively). Combining published data, spectra from the ELODIE archive (obtained in the period 1998 -- 2003) and Rozhen spectra (obtained 2015 -- 2023) of 93 Be stars, we find a set of relations connecting $\Delta V_\alpha$, $\Delta V_\beta$ and $\Delta V_\gamma$. They are effective for $30 \le \Delta V_\alpha \le 500$ km s$^{-1}$, $80 \le \Delta V_\beta \le 600$ km s$^{-1}$, and $40 \le \Delta V_\gamma \le 300$ km s$^{-1}$. The new equations are in the form $y=ax + b$ and are valid for a wider velocity range than in previous studies.Comment: Astronomische Nachrichten (accepted

Blazar spectral variability as explained by a twisted inhomogeneous jet

Blazars are active galactic nuclei, which are powerful sources of radiation whose central engine is located in the core of the host galaxy. Blazar emission is dominated by non-thermal radiation from a jet that moves relativistically towards us, and therefore undergoes Doppler beaming1. This beaming causes flux enhancement and contraction of the variability timescales, so that most blazars appear as luminous sources characterized by noticeable and fast changes in brightness at all frequencies. The mechanism that produces this unpredictable variability is under debate, but proposed mechanisms include injection, acceleration and cooling of particles2, with possible intervention of shock waves3,4 or turbulence5. Changes in the viewing angle of the observed emitting knots or jet regions have also been suggested as an explanation of flaring events6,7,8,9,10 and can also explain specific properties of blazar emission, such as intra-day variability11, quasi-periodicity12,13 and the delay of radio flux variations relative to optical changes14. Such a geometric interpretation, however, is not universally accepted because alternative explanations based on changes in physical conditions—such as the size and speed of the emitting zone, the magnetic field, the number of emitting particles and their energy distribution—can explain snapshots of the spectral behaviour of blazars in many cases15,16. Here we report the results of optical-to-radio-wavelength monitoring of the blazar CTA 102 and show that the observed long-term trends of the flux and spectral variability are best explained by an inhomogeneous, curved jet that undergoes changes in orientation over time. We propose that magnetohydrodynamic instabilities17 or rotation of the twisted jet6 cause different jet regions to change their orientation and hence their relative Doppler factors. In particular, the extreme optical outburst of 2016–2017 (brightness increase of six magnitudes) occurred when the corresponding emitting region had a small viewing angle. The agreement between observations and theoretical predictions can be seen as further validation of the relativistic beaming theory