2-(Carbazol-9-yl)acetic acid

In the title compound, C14H11NO2, the tricyclic aromatic ring system is essentially planar [maximum deviation = 0.025 (2) Å]. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 2.8 (5)°, while the carboxyl group forms a dihedral angle of 88.5 (1)° with the pyrrole ring. Inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds may contribute to the overall stabilization of the crystal structure

2-Chloro­ethyl 4-nitro­benzoate

The title compound, C9H8ClNO4, crystallizes with two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. In each mol­ecule, the carboxyl­ate group is nearly coplanar with the benzene ring, forming dihedral angles of 2.4 (1) and 4.9 (1)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked through weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds. A short O⋯N contact of 2.7660 (19) Å occurs between the nitro groups of adjacent mol­ecules

Dimethyl 5-nitro­isophthalate

The nitro group in the title compound, C10H9NO6, is rotated by 10.9 (5)° out of the plane of the benzene ring

5,6,7,8-Tetra­hydro­naphthalene-1-carboxylic acid

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C11H12O2, the cyclo­hexane ring adopts a half-chair conformation. In the crystal structure, mol­ecules are linked into centrosymmetric dimers by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, and the dimers are linked together by π–π inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.8310 (13) Å] and C—H⋯O bonds

3,5-Dinitro­benzoyl chloride

The carbonyl chloride group in the title compound, C7H3ClN2O5, is disordered over two orientations with occupancies of 0.505 (5) and 0.495 (5). The mol­ecule is approximately planar, the dihedral angle between the carbonyl chloride plane and benzene ring being 9.6 (4)° in the major disorder component and 7.1 (4)° in the minor component. The nitro group at the 5-position is twisted, forming a dihedral angle of 6.7 (4)°. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Methyl 9H-carbazole-9-acetate

The title compound, C15H13NO2, was synthesized by N-alkyl­ation of methyl bromo­acetate with 9H-carbazole. The carbazole ring system is essentially planar (mean atomic deviation = 0.0346 Å) and makes a dihedral angle of 86.5 (7)° with the methyl acetate group. Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonding is present in the crystal structure

Ethyl 4-chloro-3,5-dinitro­benzoate

In the title compound, C9H7ClN2O6, the nitro groups and the ester group make dihedral angles of 44.0 (1), 89.6 (1) and 164.1 (1)°, respectively, with the benzene ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked through weak C—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions. Mol­ecules are stacked via π–π inter­actions about inversion centers, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.671 (2) Å

2,3,5-Trimethyl-1,4-hydro­quinone

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C9H12O2, is approximately planar (mean atomic deviation = 0.0346 Å) and disposed about a crystallographic centre of symmetry. The H atom of the benzene ring is disordered over four orientations, with occupancies of 0.100 (3) and 0.401 (3) at the C atoms in the 2- and 3-positions and the same at their symmetric location. The H atoms of methyl group at the 2-position are disordered over two positions of equal occupancy. In the crystal structure, adjacent mol­ecules are linked through O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network

A randomized controlled trial of a homeâ based training programme to decrease depression in family caregivers of persons with dementia

AimsThe aim of this study was to explore distinct trajectories of caregiversâ depressive symptoms and the effects of a training programme on these trajectories over 18 months after the programme.BackgroundOverall effects of caregiverâ training programmes on family caregiversâ depressive symptoms have been reported, but few studies explored distinct courses of changes in caregiversâ depressive symptoms and followed up intervention effects on these distinct courses.DesignRandomized clinical trial.MethodsFamily caregivers (n = 116) were randomly assigned into experimental (n = 57) and control (n = 59) groups. The experimental group received the training programme with telephone consultation and the control group received written educational materials and social telephone followâ ups. Caregiversâ depressive symptoms were assessed from June 2009 â March 2012 by selfâ completed questionnaires before, at 2 weeks and 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after the intervention. Groups of individual trajectories were distinguished using groupâ based trajectory modelling.ResultsCaregiversâ depressive symptoms fell into three stable trajectories: nonâ depressed, mildly blue and depressed. After controlling for covariates, caregivers who received the caregiverâ training programme were less likely than those who did not experience persistent depressive symptoms (b = â 1·92, odds ratio = 0·15, P < 0·05).ConclusionDepressive symptoms of family caregivers of persons with dementia were relatively stable and followed three distinct courses: nonâ depressed, mildly blue and depressed. Therefore, caregiversâ depressive symptoms should be assessed as early as possible. Caregivers in the experimental group had a lower probability of persistent depressive symptoms than caregivers in the control group. Therefore, this training programme can be used by healthcare providers for persons with dementia and their caregivers. Trial registration number: NCT02667951.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136266/1/jan13157.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136266/2/jan13157_am.pd

3,3,12,12-Tetra­methyl-1,5,10,14-tetra­oxa­dispiro­[5.2.5.2]hexa­deca­ne

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C16H28O4, is centrosymmetric. The cyclo­hexane ring and both six-membered dioxane rings adopt chair conformations. In the crystal, the mol­ecules lie in layers in the (100) planes and the shortest inter­molecular contacts are H⋯H (2.30 Å)