Probability density functions of nodal and distant metastases from the time of tumor onset, using the estimated parameters ξ = 0.01,

<p><b> = 8.05×10⁻⁹, </b><b> = 2.78×10⁻⁹, K = 3.80 and </b><b> = 1.15.</b></p

Variables not directly observable for the detected tumors in the predicted lung cancer population (1988–1999).

<p>IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation;* Here is the yearly growth rate and doubling time of primary tumor.</p

Tumor size distribution in predictive models, (a) Stage N0,M0 in SEER (2004–2008) and model (1988–1999), stage Localized by SEER standard in SEER (1988–1999), (b) Stage Nx,M0 (x≥1) in SEER (2004–2008) and model (1988–1999), stage Regional by SEER standard in SEER (1988–1999), (c) Stage M1 in SEER (2004–2008) and model (1988–1999), stage Distant by SEER standard in SEER (1988–1999).

<p>Tumor size distribution in predictive models, (a) Stage N0,M0 in SEER (2004–2008) and model (1988–1999), stage Localized by SEER standard in SEER (1988–1999), (b) Stage Nx,M0 (x≥1) in SEER (2004–2008) and model (1988–1999), stage Regional by SEER standard in SEER (1988–1999), (c) Stage M1 in SEER (2004–2008) and model (1988–1999), stage Distant by SEER standard in SEER (1988–1999).</p

Comparison of the model fit in the period of 1995–1999 to the data of SEER 2004–2008.

<p>(a) the stage distribution conditional on tumor size and (b) the tumor size distribution; (c) Comparison of the predictive model 1988–1999 and SEER 1988–1999, where the data is summarized as stage distribution conditional on tumor size.</p

Comparison of the lung cancer patient population predicted by our model (1988 to 1999) with data from the SEER database (from 1988 to 1999 and from 2004 to 2008).

<p>*TNM staging being unavailable in SEER before 2004, we categorized tumors as localized, regional, and distant, for patients between 1988 and 1999.</p><p>**Smoking status is not reported in SEER.</p>£<p>Excluding missing stage.</p

The estimates of model parameters, with asymptotic confidence intervals.

<p>*Assuming exponential tumor growth and the estimates of K and θ, the average tumor growth rate E(λ) corresponds to a doubling time of 55 to 60 days.</p

Association of the most statistically significant SNPs with the rate of change in FEV₁ (mL/year) in the meta-analysis of the five cohort studies with ≥3 FEV₁ measurements per participant (n = 10,476).

<p><i>Definition of abbreviations</i>: Chr  =  chromosome; SE  =  standard error; SNP  =  single-nucleotide polymorphism.</p><p>^*Data reported are the meta-analysis results of the SNP-by-time interaction term from the GWAS mixed effects model. A positive β-coefficient indicates an attenuation of FEV₁ decline and a negative β-coefficient an acceleration of FEV₁ decline.</p

Association of the chromosome 15 locus with the rate of change in FEV₁ in the meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies.

<p><b>A</b>) Regional association plot, where the X-axis is Megabase (Mb) position and Y-axes are the negative log of the <i>P</i> value on the left and recombination rate on the right. The sentinel SNP is colored in purple and linkage disequilibrium to the sentinel SNP is depicted by degree of color according to the legend. <b>B</b>) Forest plot for rs4077833, where the size of the square for each study represents its contributing weight to the meta-analysis.</p

Baseline characteristics of cohort studies included in the meta-analysis^*.

<p><i>Definition of abbreviations</i>: ARIC  =  Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; B58C  =  British 1958 Birth Cohort; BHS  =  Busselton Health Study; CARDIA  =  Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults; CHS  =  Cardiovascular Health Study  =  FHS, Framingham Heart Study; Health ABC  =  Health, Aging, and Body Composition; KORA  =  Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg; LBC1921  =  Lothian Birth Cohort 1921; LBC1936  =  Lothian Birth Cohort 1936; PIVUS  =  Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors; RS  =  Rotterdam Study; SAPALDIA  =  Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults; SD  =  standard deviation; SHIP  =  Study of Health in Pomerania.</p><p>^*Data are presented as mean (SD) unless otherwise indicated; total no. participants  =  27,249, total no. FEV₁ measurements  =  62,130.</p>†<p>Pack-years are calculated among current and former smokers at study baseline.</p

Association of the most statistically significant SNPs with the rate of change in FEV₁ (mL/year) in the meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies (n = 27,249)^*.

<p><i>Definition of abbreviations</i>: Chr  =  chromosome; SE  =  standard error; SNP  =  single-nucleotide polymorphism.</p><p>^*Data reported are the meta-analysis results of the SNP-by-time interaction term from the GWAS mixed effects model. A positive β-coefficient indicates an attenuation of FEV₁ decline and a negative β-coefficient an acceleration of FEV₁ decline.</p