Monitoring kvaliteta zemljišta u održivoj zemljoradnji

Soil and crop management practices may have impacts on the natural environment and induce changes in soil. A fundamental task of soil monitoring systems is to serve as a tool for land management in sense of sustainable development. In spite of the fact, that this task is common to all countries nowadays, there are still differences in methodologies and indicators of soil quality. Diversity of soil types may hinder identification of soil quality factors and indicators at a national scale. Assessment of soil quality is the basis for assessing sustainable soil management in this century. The objective of this paper was to identify some soil physical, chemical and biological indicators for soil quality monitoring in sustainable agricultural management at national level. In many ways, soil quality is one measure of ecosystem health. Conserving soil quality means protecting the full range of ecological services high-quality soils provide.Mnoge ljudske aktivnosti, direktno ili indirektno, dovode do, uglavnom negativnih promena u zemljištu (degaradacije i zagađenja). Te promene obično ostaju pritajene duži vremenski period i ne mogu se poništiti za vreme čovekovog života. Nasuprot tome, nove metode održivog poljoprivrednog zemljišnog menadžmenta su sposobne da zaštite, a i da povrate pređašnji kvalitet zemljišta. Relevantna zemljišna politika zahteva poznavanje promena koje se javljaju u njegovom kvalitetu da bi bila sposobna da predvidi buduće trendove u skladu sa različitim scenarijima zemljišnog menadžmenta. Veliki broj naših zemljoradnika je jako svestan značaja održivog zemljišnog menadžmenta. Međutim, sadašnji ekonomski položaj poljoprivrede kod nas povećava pritisak na zemljoradnike da intenzivno koriste zemljište, često preko granica koje su zaista održive. Kao posledica toga, oni danas traže sve više informacija i bolja sredstva za monitoring održivosti njihovog poljoprivrednog menadžmenta. Rad je fokusiran na ocenu nekih osobina zemljišta u vezi sa njegovim kvalitetom za gajenje biljaka i definisanje indikatora kvaliteta zemljišta

Zbijenost zemljišta različitih teksturnih klasa u zasadima malina ariljskog malinogorja

The principal aim of the present investigations was to establish the influence of threading by agricultural machines or people on the changes of penetration resistance (compaction) of the soils of various textural classes in Arilje raspberry growing area. The investigations included two most abundant soil types in the region, which differed significantly from the aspect of their textural composition: young non-carbonate sandy-loam alluvial soil (fluvisol) and silt-loam brown forest acid soil (dystric cambisol) on micashist. Measuring of penetration resistance in vertical direction, to the depth of 60 cm, between the rows of raspberry plants, at each 10 cm, was performed in the summer 2005 in two raspberry patches 10 years old. For the measurement of the penetration resistance a hand static penetrometer with cone of 30° and radius of 12.3 mm was applied. Repeated (10-20 times a year, according to the statement of the owner) passages of agricultural machines, frequently in very wet weather, as well as people passing (30-50 times a year) lead to a significant increase of penetration resistance (compaction) of the investigated soils in those areas, i.e. paths where machines and people moved. In these areas penetration resistance is 2 to 3 times higher than in surrounding untouched surfaces between the rows of raspberry plants. The values of penetration resistance (compaction) on the threaded paths vary between 1000 and 5000 kPa. The compaction increase made the penetration of raspberry roots into deeper soil layers very difficult.Cilj ovih istraživanja je bio utvrđivanje uticaja gaženja mehanizacijom i od strane ljudi, na izmene otpora penetracije (zbijenosti) zemljišta različitih teksturnih klasa u ariljskom malinogorju. Istraživanjima su obuhvaćena dva najzastupljenija tipa zemljišta u tom malinogorju koja se međusobno jako razlikuju po teksturi, i to: mlado beskarbonatno peskovito ilovasto aluvijalno zemljište (fluvisol) i praškasto ilovasto kiselo smeđe šumsko zemljište (distrični kambisol) na mikašistu. Merenje penetracionog otpora u vertikalnom pravcu, do 60 cm dubine, između redova malina na rastojanju od 10 cm obavljeno je u leto 2005. godine, i to u dva malinjaka starosti 10 godina. Za merenje penetracionog otpora korišćen je ručni statički penetrometar sa konusom od 30o i prečnikom 12.3 mm. Mnogobrojni (10-20 puta godišnje, po izjavi vlasnika malinjaka) prolazi poljoprivrednim mašinama često i po jako vlažnom zemljištu, kao i prolazi ljudi (30-50 godišnje) doveli su do znatnog povećanja otpora penetracije (zbijenosti) istraženih zemljišta na radnim stazama po kojima su se kretale mašine i ljudi. Na tim površinama penetracioni otpor je 2 do 4 puta veći nego na okolnim negaženim površinama između redova malina. Vrednosti otpora penetracije (zbijenosti) na radnim stazama variraju od 1000 do 5000 kPa. Povećanje zbijenosti jako je smanjilo prodiranje korena maline u dublje slojeve zemljišta, što je utvrđeno pri kopanju zemljišnih profila

Hemijske osobine zemljišta pod zasadima maline zahvaćenih truljenjem korena i prizemnog dela izdanaka

Basic chemical properties of rhizospheric part of solum and its function on root and ground cane rot were studied at 5 locations within Arilje-Požega and Dragačevo region. The sites varied with geo-morpho-pedomicroclimatic conditions. Raspberry plantings were in decline, 2-5 years old. Analyses of 34 soil samples from 9 open and morphological profiles in declined plots revealed the following: 1) all soils were non-carbonic along rhizospheric depth, excluding one with 8.26% of CaCO3, which, from 55 cm in depth and downwards, was moderately carbonic; 2) pH in water significantly varied ranging from extremely acid ( lt 4.5), highly acid (pH=4.5-5.0), very acid (pH=5.1-5.5) and moderately acid (pH=5.6-6.0) in two soil types; 3) the capacity of interchangeable ion absorption also varied (T=7.4-38.5 me) coupled with the sum of interchangeable ion absorbed actions (S=1.04-27.37 me); 4) all soils were rather poorly (V lt 15%) or moderately saturated with basic actions; 5) up to 50 cm in depth, out of which raspberry satisfies 52% of its water and nutrient needs, humus content ranged from 0.3-2%, which is typical for the soils very poor in it. It was inferred that the values of pH reaction, along with other parameters, favored the presence of Al-ions in absorption complex of the soils analyzed, which induces depression of root and retarded growth and development of above ground parts in very acid soils. Nevertheless, it does not mean that the mentioned state is a major factor of massive decline induced by root and ground cane rot. Namely multidisciplinary, detailed analyses should be conducted, and the results compared.Predmet istraživanja ovog rada su neke osnovne hemijske osobine rizosfernog dela soluma u funkciji njihovog uticaja na pojavu truleži korena i prizemnog dela izdanaka maline u ariljsko-požeškom i dragačevskom malinogorju različitih po geo-morfo-pedomikroklimatskim uslovima u zasadima maline u propadanju, starim 2-5 godina. Na osnovu sprovedenih laboratorijskih istraživanja utvrđeno je da svi ispitani uzorci, bez obzira na lokaciju poseduju prilično nepovoljne hemijske osobine. Pripadaju grupi vrlo slabo do slabo humoznih zemljišta sa malim kapacitetom adsorpcije i stepenom zasićenosti baznim katjonima (distrični). Osim toga karakterišu se visokom hidrolitičkom kiselošću i veoma malim pH vrednostima, koje ukazuju na prisustvo razmenjivog Al u adsorptivnom kompleksu. Takvo stanje kiselosti može dovesti do depresivnog stanja korena i usporenog rasta i razvića nadzemnog vegetativnog dela maline. Međutim, to ne znači da se bez širih multidisciplinarnih sveobuhvatnih analiza i povezivanja svih mogućih činjenica, može sa sigurnošću tvrditi da je to stanje baš osnovni uzrok sve masovnije pojave propadanja zasada truljenjem korena i prizemnog dela izdanaka maline

INVESTMENT ECONOMY IN IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN RASPBERRY REGION OF ARILJE AREA

Тhis work have analysed climatic water balance in Raspberry region of Arilje in vegetative cycle of raspberry, in function of yield fluctuation in natural condition and irrigation water balance regime of soil and economical payable for introduction of irrigation in raspberry production. Introduction of irrigation, raspberry yields can be increased in average 1,8- 3,3 times in relation to yield without irrigation, and investment in mini-irrigation system construction, on surface for just one plant, with water supporting from local watercourse can be pay off for one growing season. Raspberry reacts on irrigation with increasing yield in such a level that it is profitable to invest in mini-irrigation system construction every year again

SOIL QUALITY MONITORING FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Soil and crop management practices may have impacts on the natural environment and induce changes in soil. A fundamental task of soil monitoring systems is to serve as a tool for land management in sense of sustainable development. In spite of the fact, that this task is common to all countries nowadays, there are still differences in metodologies and indicators of soil quality. Diversity of soil types may hinder identification of soil quality factors and indicators at a national scale. Assessment of soil quality is the basis for assessing sustainable soil management in this century. The objective of this paper was to identifay some soil physical, chemical and biological indicators for soil quality monitoring in sustainable agricultural management at national level. In many ways, soil quality is one measure of ecosystem health. Conserving soil quqlity means protecting the full range of ecological services high-quality soils provide

Uticaj različitih režima navodnjavanja černozema pod šećernom repom na prinos korena i šećera

Four-year studies were carried out on the experimental field "13th May" in Zemun Polje to determine the optimum irrigation scheduling of chernozem planted with sugar beet, i.e. the lowest number of water applications for producing maximum root and sugar yields. The studies comprised 3 variants of irrigation scheduling of the chernozem soil: optimum chernozem water regime formed from sugar beet sowing to its technological maturity, optimum chernozem water regime formed from phenological stage of crown growth to sugar beet technological maturity, and optimum chernozem water regime formed from phenological stage of intensive root growth to sugar beet technological maturity. Natural water regime of chernozem planted with sugar beet was used as a control. Irrigation was applied by sprinkling method, and its rate and time were determined by the method of water balance of effective rhizosphere zone. Pluviometric regimes during the study period comprised one wet, one normal, and two dry hydrological years. Therefore, natural Corresponding author: Gordana Matović, Katedra za navodnjavanje, odvodnjavanje i konzervaciju zemljišta Poljoprivredni fakultet Zemun, Nemanjina 6, E-mail: goleboleŽEunet.yu. water regime of chernozem conditioned very fluctuating and, on average, low yields of root (48.2 t-ha-1) and sugar (7.34 t-ha-1). The studies showed that irrigation increases sugar beet root yield, on average, by 87%, but tends to decrease sugar content, so that increase of sugar total amount is, on average, 81%. Maximum yields of root (85.3 t-ha-1) and sugar (12.7 t-ha-1) are obtained by irrigation applied from the phenological stage of crown growth to sugar beet technological maturity, with average irrigation rate of 416 mm distributed in 8 applications. Thus, 77% of sugar beet genetic potential is utilized in contrast to 44% under conditions of soil natural water regime. Higher irrigation rates result in lower yields.U cilju određivanja optimalnog režima navodnjavanje černozema pod šećernom repom, odnosno najmanjeg broja zalivanja radi ostvarenja maksimalnih prinosa korena i šećera, na oglednom polju "13. Maj", u Zemun Polju su četvorogodišnjim istraživanjima obuhvaćene 3 varijante irigacionih vodnih režima černozema: - optimalni vodni režim černozema formiran od setve do tehnološke zrelosti: - optimalni vodni režim černozema formiran od fenofaze porasta glave korena do tehnološke zrelosti: - optimalni vodni režim černozema formiran od fenofaze intenzivnog debljanja korena do tehnološke zrelosti i prirodni vodni režim černozema pod šećernom repom, kao kontrolni. Navodnjavano je sprinkler metodom, normom i rokovima određivanim metodom vodnog bilansa efektivne zone rizosfere. Pluviometrijski režimi u kojima su izvedena istraživanja obuhvatila su jednu vlažnu, jednu normalnu i dve suve hidrološke godine. Shodno tome, prirodni vodni režim černozema uslovio je vrlo kolebljive i prosečno niske prinose korena (48,2 th-1) i šećera (7,34 tha-1). Istraživanja su pokazala da se navodnjavanjem prinos korena šećerne repe prosečno povećava za 87%, a zbog trenda smanjenja digestije navodnjavanjem prosečno povećanje ukupne količine šećera je 81%. Maksimalni prinosi korena (85,3 th-1) i šećera (12,7 tha-1) dobijaju se navodnjavanjem od fenofaze porasta glave korena do tehnološke zrelosti šećerne repe, prosečnom normom od 416 mm, raspoređenom u 8 zalivanja. Na ovaj način koristi se 77% genetskog potencijala šećerne repe, za razliku od 44% u uslovima prirodnog vodnog režima zemljišta. Navodnjavanjem većim normama prinos se smanjuje

Uticaj navodnjavanja na prinos maline sorte Willamette u kišnoj vegetacionoj sezoni

The effect of irrigation on fresh raspberry fruit was studied at two localities of Arilje-Požega raspberry growing area, differing in geomorphology (at the altitude of 520 and 354 m), microclimate and soil types (brown forest and alluvial), at distance of water emitter on the lateral of: Rl = 0.5 m and R2 = 0.75 m and at various irrigation rates of 2 mm/day, 4 mm/day and 6 mm/day in rainy raspberry growing season of 2002. Raspberry cv Willamette gave different yields on two soil types without irrigation. Almost 7 t/ha more fresh fruit was harvested on brown forest than on alluvial soil. It can be explained by different pH soil value in effective root system zone (pH=5.9 in brown forest soil, 3.05 in alluvial) water retention soil capacity, and differing bearing potential of planting in early growing season. The different increase in yield was also recorded under conditions of irrigation, at different water ring regimes, on various soil types. At the same time, different watering rates, of different duration (1,2 and 3 hours per day)did not result in major differences in terms of fresh fruit yield. Also, different distances of water emitters on laterals of 0.5 m and 0.75 m did not result in significant difference in yields on brown forest soil, as opposed to alluvial. A heavier yield by 12% was achieved with emitter distance of 0.5 m. It can be concluded that raspberry responds to irrigation by yield increase even in rainy years regardless of the geo-morpho-pedoclimatic environmental conditions under which it is grown.Eksperimentalnim istraživanjima izvedenim u ariljsko-požeškom malinogorju na oglednim poljima (F2 - "Krčevine" i F3 - "Kosovo"), različitim po geomorfologiji (520 i 354 m.n.m) i tipovima zemljišta (smeđe i aluvijalno) u uslovima dve varijante vodnog režima zemljišta: Wo-prirodni i Wi-irigacioni (od početka cvetanja do kraja berbe) u 8 ponavljanja, sa međusobnim odstojanjem kapaljki na lateralu: Rl = 0,5 m i R2 = 0,75 m i normama zalivanja od 2 mm/dan, 4 mm/dan i 6 mm/dan, proučavan je uticaj navodnjavanja na prinos maline sorte Willamette. Merenjem parametara prirodnog i irigacionog vodnog režima zemljišta (prihod vode od padavina i navodnjavanja i rashod evapotranspiraeijom), ustanovljeno je da je povoljan pluviometrijski režim u 2002. godini, u periodu april-septembar (478 mm) obezbedio malinu dovoljnom količinom vode u skoro svim fenofazama njenog razvića. Međutim i pored toga, različiti režimi zalivanja maline, od fenofaze cvetanja: normom navodnjavanja 46-149 mm sa 24 zalivanja na Fl i normom navodnjavanja 34-103 mm sa 18 zalivanja na F3 eksperimentalnom polju uslovili su razlike u prinosu svežeg ploda maline od 6%, na smeđem, odnosno 11,8% na aluvijalnom zemljištu

Profitabilnost gajenja maline u uslovima fertirigacije

The Arilje raspberry growing area (1,600 ha), by 'raspberry culture', uniform assortment, maximal yields (up to 32 t/ha), fruit quality, innovations in technology and market production (16,000 f/year), belongs to leading raspberry growing regions both at home and abroad. This fact and the sale of frozen fruits on the world market require continuous improvement of its growing technology. Irrigation, considering the consequences of drought manifested as decreased yields years on end (average 10.06 t/ha) and expectation of climatic excesses caused by the 'glasshouse effects', is of strategic importance, not only for the Arilje raspberry growing region, but for the whole country. The aim is to provide high, stable economically justified yields and an increase in balance of payments in the country However, since in the agricultural production irrigation predominates by the amount of investment needed (4-12,000 USD/ha), it is disputable whether raspberry culture is profitable under the conditions of irrigation. To solve this problem in the Arilje raspberry growing region, this paper analyzed profitability of establishing raspberry plantings in the conditions of fertirrigation on the 'Gruda' estate 13.5 ha) based on long-term observations of raspberry yields under natural water regime and fertirrigation conditions. The analysis involved the relations: investment in establishing plantings and the construction of a system for fertirrigation (fertilization through irrigation water) -costs of primary production under fertirrigation - costs of secondary production -yields profit realized. It has been shown that, by setting up plantings construction of irrigation system and raspberry growing under fertirrigation it is possible to achieve regular yields of at least 20 t/ha and gain profit of 14,706 DM/ha (30.73%) in the first few years, i.e., after paying off the annuity of investment loans, after sixth year, 21,078 DM (44.05%) per unit area. Thus, irrigation, the application of which is 'induced by drought' owing to high profitability and revolution that the use of plastic brought into the technology of irrigation, has a tendency for expansion on inclined terrains, on which 82% of raspberry plantings in our country is located Therefore, considering the need for investment in the construction of microaccumulation and mechanical water rising, somewhat lower profit can be expected on such terrains.U ariljskom malinogorju, na imanju ekonomije "Gruda" (13,5 ha), na bazi dugogodišnjih osmatranja visine prinosa maline u uslovima prirodnog vodnog režima zemljišta i iskustva o uzgoju maline u irigacionim uslovima analizirana je profitabilnost podizanja zasada i gajenja maline u uslovima fertirigacije. Analizom je obuhvaćena relacija: investiciona ulaganja u podizanje zasada i izgradnju sistema za navodnjavanje, troškovi primarne proizvodnje u uslovima fertirigacije, troškovi sekundarne proizvodnje tržišna vrednost prinosa, ostvareni profit. Pokazalo se daje uzgojem maline u uslovima fertirigacije, moguće ostvariti profit u prvih šest godina od 30,73%, odnosno posle šeste godine 44,05% od tržišne vrednosti prinosa maline po jedinici površine