41 research outputs found
The struggle of the Diocese of PĆ©cs for the Churchās tithe in Slavonia from the end of the Ottoman rule to 1761
Poslije osloboÄenja Slavonije 1691. godine, zapoÄelo je na tom podruÄju organizacija komorske uprave. BuduÄi je joÅ” uvijek trajao rat s Osmanskim Carstvom, BeÄki je dvor odluÄio uspostaviti dvovlaÅ”Äe na tom podruÄju, tako da je veÄi dio teritorija prepustio vojsci na Äelu s glavnim vojnim zapovjednikom generalom Guidom von Starhembergom, a samo manji dio pod upravu službenika Dvorske komore.
Krajem 17. stoljeÄa zapoÄela je u Slavoniji organizacije crkvene uprave. U srednjem vijeku veÄi dio Slavonije bio je pod jurisdikcijom PeÄuÅ”ke biskupije. U Slavoniji je krajem 17. stoljeÄa zapoÄela borba za župe izmeÄu ZagrebaÄke i Bosanske biskupije. U poÄetku u tu se borbu nije odmah ukljuÄila i PeÄuÅ”ka biskupija iako je imala najviÅ”e prava na slavonske župe, jer je peÄuÅ”ki biskup nastojao prvenstveno urediti svoje sjediÅ”te, a uz to nije imao ni podatke o podruÄju, koje je u srednjem vijeku bilo pod jurisdikcijom njegove biskupije. Granice izmeÄu PeÄuÅ”ke i ZagrebaÄke biskupije pokuÅ”ao je 1690. godine odrediti kralj Leopold I., koji je odredio granicu izmeÄu tih dviju biskupija, ali nije uspio u potpunosti, pa je PeÄuÅ”ka biskupija nastojala proÅ”iriti svoju jurisdikciju na podruÄju Slavonije, Å”to joj je uspjelo tek krajem prve treÄine 18. stoljeÄa.
Krajem 17. stoljeÄa u Slavoniji su se pojavili problemi oko prava na ubiranje crkvene desetine. BeÄki dvor, odnosno Dvorska komora smatrao je da je Slavonija osvojena oružjem, pa da desetina pripada HabsburÅ”koj Monarhiji, odnosno Dvorskoj komori, kao instituciji koje vodila brigu o državnim financijama. Stoga je Dvorska komora naredila komorskim službenicima da prikupljaju desetinu na podruÄju pod svojom upravom te da prevezu prikupljene žitarice u skladiÅ”ta u Osijeku, Brodu i GradiÅ”ci. S vremenom su peÄuÅ”ki i zagrebaÄki biskupi zapoÄeli prikupljanje desetine u župama koja su bili pod njihovom jurisdikcijom. MeÄutim, njihovo pravo na desetinu nije bilo pravno ureÄeno. DoduÅ”e, konferencija iz 1737. godine priznala im je pravo na veliku desetinu, ali im je zabranila ubiranje male desetine dok ne dokažu pravo na to podavanje. Takva situacija glede male desetine u Slavoniji ostala je sve do 1761. godine, kada je VirovitiÄka županija, po nalogu kraljice Marije Terezije, sazvala sastanak predstavnika vlastelinstava te predstavnika PeÄuÅ”ke, ZagrebaÄke i Bosanske biskupije. Njihov sastanak rezultirao je dogovorom oko prava na ubiranje crkvene desetine, koji je u studenom 1761. godine kraljica Marija Terezija doradila te ga kao takvog prihvatila. S takvim se rjeÅ”enjem konaÄno suglasio i barun Prandau, koji je bio najveÄi protivnik takvog ureÄenja prava na ubiranje crkvene desetine.
Time je konaÄno pravno regulirano pravo na ubiranje desetine u Slavoniji.The organization of the chamber administration in Slavonia began after Slavoniaās liberation from the Ottoman rule in 1961. At first the organization of chamber administration proceeded at a slow pace, since the war with the Ottoman Empire was still in progress and the military needs were given precedence. After the Christian army won the Battle of Senta in 1697, the organization of chamber administration in Slavonia sped up and the chamber commission with Count Carl Ferdinand Caraffa di Stigliano at the helm was sent to Slavonia. At the same time the establishment of church organization began in this territory, resulting in a clash between the Diocese of Zagreb and the Diocese of Bosnia over the Slavonian parishes, which ended in 1699 with the decision of the court commission in Gyƶr that fixed the border between the two dioceses. The Diocese of PĆ©cs got involved in the battle for Slavonian parishes only after the Gyƶr trial, even though it had the greatest right to them. The Court Chamber, on the other hand, felt the tithe to be the stateās income, since Slavonia was conquered by arms. Chamber officials thus started collecting the
tithe after the liberation from the Ottoman rule and transporting it to storehouses in Osijek, Brod, and GradiÅ”ka. In the 1720s the Bishop of PĆ©cs managed to assert his right to collect the Great Tithe in Slavonia. After the peasant uprising in Slavonia was quelled in 1735, the Court in Vienna sent Hamiltonās commission to Slavonia to identify the causes of the uprising and suggest solutions to the problems they find.Tithe collection was one of the important problems. A conference was convened in Vienna in 1737, concluding that the Slavonian manor lords had no right to collect the tithe, while the bishops were entitled to collect the Great Tithe, but not the Little Tithe. King Charles III (VI) prohibited the manor lords from collecting the tithe and allowed the bishops to collect the Great Tithe, forbidding them to collect the Little Tithe before they proved their right to this tax. In spite of the regulation on the church tithe by Charlesā Urbarium, the Bishop of PĆ©cs strove to gain the right to collect the little tithe as well. A temporary Slavonian urbarium again forbade the bishops to collect the little tithe until they proved their right to this tax. The issue of tithe collection was only solved in 1761 at a meeting of manor representatives and bishops, where they reached an agreement about tithe collection rights
Osijek Merchants at the Buda Customs Office in 1716 and 1717
Caraffina komisija dodijelila je gradu Osijeku magistratsku instrukciju, koja je omoguÄila gradu pretvaranje u upravno i gospodarsko srediÅ”te komorske Slavonije. Stoga je primjena ovog dokumenta omoguÄila gradskom stanovniÅ”tvu osloboÄenje od podložniÄkih obaveza i slobodno bavljenje gospodarskim aktivnostima. Krajem prvog desetljeÄe 18. stoljeÄa zapoÄela je izgradnja osjeÄke tvrÄave, trajala je tijekom cijelog drugog desetljeÄa, a zavrÅ”ena je poÄetkom treÄeg desetljeÄa stoljeÄa, Äime je grad postao i sjediÅ”te vojnog zapovjedniÅ”tva slavonske Vojne krajine.
OsloboÄenje od podložniÄkih obaveza omoguÄilo je gradskom stanovniÅ”tvu usredotoÄenje na vlastite gospodarske aktivnosti, odnosno razvijanje vlastitog gospodarstva. Dio osjeÄkih graÄana bavio se trgovaÄkom djelatnoÅ”Äu. Pri tome su se odluÄivali na odlazak u nabavu, odnosno prodaju trgovaÄke robe u bliže, ali i udaljenije lokacije, kao Å”to je i Budim, odnosno Požun. OsjeÄki trgovci dopremili su 1716. godine 20 puta robu na carinjenje, odnosno carinski pregled, a sljedeÄe godine 15 puta. Pri tome je 1716. u budimski tridesetniÄarski ured pristupilo 14, a sljedeÄe godine 10 osjeÄkih trgovaca.
OsjeÄki trgovci uglavnom su dopremili na budimsku tridesetnicu tekstilnu robu (tkanine, konac, kudjelju, maÄarske kape, posteljinu i ženske haljine), a u puno manjoj koliÄini razliÄitu trgovaÄku robu, zaÄine (papar, klinÄiÄi i Äumbir), razliÄite vrste ribe, Å”eÄer, svinje, mlinski kamen, braÅ”no, ljepilo, sir, pirovu kaÅ”u, sirovi kositar, obiÄan tamjan, stipsu, papir, sumpor, rakiju i laÄe. VeÄinu tekstilne robe osjeÄki su trgovci nabavili u Požunu, gdje su platili tridesetinu.
MeÄu osjeÄkim trgovcima na budimskoj tridesetnici najviÅ”e su se isticali Joannes Peacsevics (Piacsovicsa), Gregorius Nicolantin (Nicolandy), Stephanus Stoigics (Stekics, Stegics), a u neÅ”to manjoj mjeri Jacobus Vergics (Veridics). Spomenuta Äetvorica trgovaca dopremili su veÄini robe, koju su podvrgli carinjenju, odnosno carinskom pregledu.The city of Osijek was awarded the Magistrate Instruction by the Caraffa Commission, which enabled the city to develop into the administrative and economic centre of Slavonia under the Chamberās jurisdiction. With the implementation of this document, the citizens were exempted from commitments of inferior status and were free to engage in economic activities. At the end of the first decade of the 18th century the construction of the Osijek fortress started; the works continued throughout the second decade and ended at the beginning of the third decade of the century and thus the city also became the seat of the military command of the Slavonian Military Frontier.
The exemption from commitments due to their inferior status enabled the citizens to focus on personal economic activities, i.e. the development of their own economy. Some of the citizens were engaged in trade activities. Hence, they decided to purchase or sell merchandise in nearby but also distant locations such as Buda or Bratislava. In 1716 the merchants from Osijek came with their merchandise 20 times to the customs clearance, i.e. customs control, and the following year 15 times. In 1716 the Buda customs office was visited by 14 and in the following year by 10 merchants.
The merchants from Osijek delivered mainly textile products (textiles, thread, hemp fibre, Hungarian caps, bed linen, dresses) to the Buda customs and to a much smaller extent various merchandise such as spices (pepper, cloves and ginger), various types of fish, sugar, pigs, millstones, flour, glue, cheese, spelt groats, tin, frankincense, alum, paper, sulphur, brandy and boats. A large part of the goods consisted of purchases form Bratislava where the Osijek merchants paid the thirtieth (tax).
The most outstanding Osijek merchants at the Buda customs were Joannes Peacsevics (Piacsovicsa), Gregorius Nicolantin (Nicolandy), Stephanus Stoigics (Stekics, Stegics) and to a lesser extent Jacobus Vergics (Veridics). The greatest part of the merchandise for customs clearance, i.e. customs control, was delivered by these four merchants
In memoriam Ivica Golec (1943-2017)
Kad me je prijateljica Zrinka PeÅ”orda VardiÄ obavijestila da je hrvatska historiografija ostala bez dr. sc. Ivice Goleca (Petrinja, 23. travnja 1943 ā Petrinja, 13. kolovoza 2017), uvaženog Älana Matice hrvatske, ali i dobrog Äovjeka, bio sam istodobno i iznenaÄen i tužan. Premda sam iz komunikacije s njim znao da je teÅ”ko bolestan, a iz glasa prilikom posljednjeg razgovora za zadnje uskrÅ”nje blagdane osjetio da mu nije dobro i da mu je teÅ”ko, nadao sam se da taj razgovor neÄe biti posljednji te da Äe joÅ” biti prilike da se Äujemo. Nažalost, to se nije ostvarilo.
U ljeto 2017. napustio nas je jedan dragi Äovjek, humanist, prepun razumijevanja za ljude u svojoj okolini, jednom rijeÄju dobar Äovjek, Ivica Golec
Wheat Production in the area of NaÅ”ice during the First Three Decades of the 18th Century (1701 ā 1730)
Autor je na temelju popisa desetine u Hrvatskome državnom arhivu i Nadbiskupijskome arhivu u Zagrebu prikazao proizvodnju pÅ”enice na naÅ”iÄkome podruÄju tijekom prva tri desetljeÄa 18. stoljeÄa (od 1701. do 1730.). Pri tome je primijenio kvantitativne metode, koje su mu omoguÄile stjecanje novih spoznaja o proizvodnji navedene žitarice tijekom promatranoga razdoblja. Analizirao je zastupljenost ove žitarice, ukupnu koliÄinu proizvodnje spomenute žitarice i njezinu proizvodnju prema reljefnome smjeÅ”taju naselja (ravniÄarsko i brdsko podruÄje), promjene u proizvodnji ove ratarske kulture u razdoblju od 1713. do 1714. godine, prinos žitarice te veliÄinu povrÅ”ina pod ovom žitaricom na temelju podataka o broju križeva.This paper results from an analysis of tithe lists in the area of NaÅ”ice (individual and collective lists for towns and villages, collective lists for districts) in the period from 1701-1730, as well as two chamber lists of NaÅ”iceās nobility, with the aim of determining the amount of wheat produced in this area. The author has used the data on the number of households that paid the tithe in wheat, taken from the individual tithe lists, to determine the amount of wheat grown on the cultivated fields in the rest of the given period. An analysis of the sample size has made it possible to estimate the trends in the size of the crop, whereby the deficiency of such speculations has been clearly indicated. The analysis of the sample has shown decline in the cultivation of wheat over twenty years within the given period, which was somewhat slower in the lowlands. A further analysis of the number of wheat crosses has indicated their decline in the given period, which leads to the conclusion, with regard to the area of the field that had to be cropped in order to create one cross, that the size of the cultivated fields diminished as well. Wheat production fluctuated greatly during the first three decades of the 18th century. In the first half of the given period, the harvest was far smaller than in the second half. Despite these changes in the production size, one can generally presume that most households could barely secure food for their family members from their own production, let alone obtain enough seed for the following year