Zbawczy wymiar teokalii w Koranie a ikonoklazm islamu

God as the salvific subject discloses through names in Koran. In names of God is His Beauty concretizated. The mistery of God revealed in Koran according to islamie belief can apprehend in the category of theokalia (ﺃﻷﺳْﻤَﺎﺀُ ﺍﻠﺤُﺴْﻨﻰ ʼal-ʼasmāʼu l-ḥusnà). God is ascertained and handled through man in concrete names. According to islamie teachings, the Koran was revelated to the prophet Muhammad in the Arabic language. He heard the first of these revelations in the cave of Hira with a voice commanding him: “Recite in the name of the Lord who created all things. […] Recite! For the Lord is most Beneficent” (S. XCVI, 1–5). The salvation in Koran is regarded as desire of viewing divine countenance (S. II, 272; VI, 52; XIII, 22; XVIII, 28; XXX, 38.39; XCII, 20). All salvated people will collapsed with human faces in front of God’s Majesty and dignified glory divine countenance (S. II, 255). Here on esrth islamic rosary (ﺳُﺒْﺤَﺔ subḥatun; ﻣِﺴْﺒَﺤَﺔ misbaḥatun; ﺗﺴْﺒِﻴﺢٌ tasbīḥun) is the concretisation of ontic Beauty of God. Specifing the beautiful names of God the muslim handles divine countenance (ﻭَﺟْﻪُ ﷲِ wağhu l-lāhi) – sees icon of God. Muslim rosary realizes the substitute function of icon. Islam is aniconic religion, because Koran doesn`t comprehend immediate prohibition of making the images of God and human figures. Koran prohibits to worship idols (S. XXI, 52 nn; XXXIV, 13). Creator of islam excludes the thinking about “images of God” (ﺻُﻮَﺭُ ﷲِ ṣuwaru l-lāhi), because in this mode representation of God in heaven will be created by human beings. God is totaly souvereign. The talking about God as “watching” or “watched” (ﻣَﻨْﻈﻮﺭٌ manẕūrun) will be suggested, that He is “created” (ﻣُﺼَﻮﱠﺭٌ muṣawwarun) by human imagination. It`s compatible with confession of absolute monotheism. The term aniconic of islam is nearer the truth than islamic iconoclasm.Bóg jako podmiot zbawiający ujawnia się w Koranie poprzez swoje imiona. W imionach Boga konkretyzuje się Jego piękno. Tajemnica Boga objawiona w Koranie zgodnie z wiarą islamu może być rozumiana w kategoriach teokalii (ﺃﻷﺳْﻤَﺎﺀُ ﺍﻠﺤُﺴْﻨﻰ ʼal-ʼasmāʼu l-ḥusnà). Bóg jest poznawany i dotykalny przez człowieka w konkretnych imionach. Zgodnie z nauką islamu Koran został objawiony prorokowi Muḥammadowi w języku arabskim. On usłyszał pierwsze z tych objawień w jaskini Hira przez głos, który mu nakazał: „Głos! w imię twego Pana, który stworzył! […] Głos! Twój Pan jest najszlachetniejszy!” (S. XCVI, 1–5). Zbawienie w Koranie jest uważane za pragnienie oglądania oblicza Bożego (S. II, 272; VI, 52; XIII, 22; XVIII, 28; XXX, 38.39; XCII, 20). Wszyscy zbawieni ludzie upadną na swoje oblicza przed obliczem majestatu Bożego i będą głosić chwałę oblicza Boskiego (S. II, 255). Różaniec muzułmański (ﺳُﺒْﺤَﺔ subḥatun; ﻣِﺴْﺒَﺤَﺔ misbaḥatun; ﺗﺴْﺒِﻴﺢٌ tasbīḥun) jest tu, na ziemi, konkretyzacją ontycznego piękna Boga. Wskazując na piękne imiona Boga, muzułmanin dotyka oblicza Bożego (ﻭَﺟْﻪُ ﷲِ wağhu l-lāhi) – widzi obraz Boga. Różaniec muzułmański występuje w formie zastępczej w odniesieniu do obrazu. Islam jest religią anikoniczną, ponieważ Koran nie zawiera bezpośredniego zakazu tworzenia wizerunków Boga i istot ludzkich. Koran zakazuje tworzenia bożków, idoli (S. XXI, 52 nn; XXXIV, 13). Twórca islamu wykluczył myśl o „wizerunkach Boga” (ﺻُﻮَﺭُ ﷲِ ṣuwaru l-lāhi), ponieważ taki sposób wyobrażania Boga w niebiosach byłby Jego tworzeniem przez ludzki byt. Bóg jest całkowicie suwerenny. Mówienie o Bogu jako „kształtowanym” lub „oglądanym” (ﻣَﻨْﻈﻮﺭٌ manẕūrun) byłoby sugestią, że jest On „tworzony” (ﻣُﺼَﻮﱠﺭٌ muṣawwarun) przez ludzkie wyobrażenie. Jest to zgodne z wyznawaniem absolutnego monoteizmu. Określenie a-ikoniczny (anikoniczny) w odniesieniu do islamu jest bliższe prawdy niż termin ikonoklazm islamu

Droga jako synonim zbawienia w Koranie. Refleksje lingwistyczno-teologiczne

The metaphor of the way is one mode of seeing the salvation. Quran as the Holy Book of salvation for the Muslim believers attempts to handle the religious experience in category of the way. The metaphor of the way is in Quran expressed by the words of Arabic voculary derivated from the triliteral verbal root { ﺪﻫى } hdy. They are firstly the nominal derivatives: ﻫُﺪًى hudan – „right guidance, right way, right path, true religion” (S. II, 2. 38). Quran as the Book of Salvation to a people who believe is named: ﻫُﺪًى ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ hudan wa-raḥmatan – „a guidance and a mercy” (S. VII, 52; XVI, 64.89; XXVII, 76–77; XXXI, 2– ﻫُﺪًى ﺑﻭشُْﺮَى ,( 3 hudan wa-bušrà – „guidance and glad tidings” (S. II, 97; XXVII, 1–2) oraz ﻫُﺪًًى ﻭشِ ﺎﻔء hudan wa-šifāʼun – „a guide and a cure” (S. XLI, 44). In Torah, Gospel Book and Quran „was guidance and light” for those who have Taqwà of Allāh (S. V, فﻴهِ ﻫُﺪًى ﻮﻧﻭرٌ : 46 fīhi hudan wa-nūrun). The synonims of way leadings to salvation are the followings terms: سَ ﻴﺒلُ ﷲِﺍ sabīlu l-Lāhi – „the cause of Allāh” i صِﺮَﺍط ﻤﻟﺍُﺴْ ﻘﺘ ﻢِﻴُ ṣirātu l-mustaqīmu – „correct guidance”. However the noun ﻫﺎَدٍ hādin – „the Guide” is one of theophanic names of Allāh (S. XXII, 54; XXV, 31). The verbal derivatives serve to define of the divine action in believers life (S. II, 143. 198; VI, 87; XVI, 36; XXXIX, 18; XCIII, ﻫَﺪَى : 7 hadà – „guided”). Allāh „guide” ( ﻳَهْﺪِى yahdī) the people who believe to the salvation, to the truth and to Himself. He is absolutely independent in giving salvation, it's signified with phrase ﻣَنْ ﻳشََﺎء man yašāʼu – „whom He wills” (S. II, 142. 213. 272; VI, 88; X, 25; XVI, 4. 93; XXIV, 35. 46; XXVIII, 56; XXXV, 8). The blievers are named أ ﻤﻟُهْ ﺪﺘُ ﻥﻭَ ʼal-muhtadūna – „the guided” (S. Vi, 82). The antithesis of the verb „guide” is verb أضَلﱠ ʼaḏalla – „leads astray” (S. LXXIV, 31). The expressions the mutual experiential base is connected with the Bible whose name is nomadism. The ancient Hebrews and Arabs were nomads. Therfore the metaphoric of way serves to name the various spheres of his life and culture. The metaphore of divine guidance the man to the salvation in Quran has the pattern in the biblical texts. The hebrew equivalents to the expressions are the words of Hebrew vocabulary derivated from the more verbal roots: { נחה } nẖh, { דרך } drk, { אשׁר } ʼšr, { ארח }ʼrẖ, { עגל } ʻgl, { נתב } ntb, { סלה } slh. The biblical texts are for the author of Quran starting-point to moulding the own conception of salvation. The elaborated in this article expressions serve to describe one of the divine action of salvation. It relies on guidance of the believers on the right way to salvation. The name of Allāh, „The Guide”, is guarding the man from the mistakes on this way.The metaphor of the way is one mode of seeing the salvation. Quran as the Holy Book of salvation for the Muslim believers attempts to handle the religious experience in category of the way. The metaphor of the way is in Quran expressed by the words of Arabic voculary derivated from the triliteral verbal root { ﺪﻫى } hdy. They are firstly the nominal derivatives: ﻫُﺪًى hudan – „right guidance, right way, right path, true religion” (S. II, 2. 38). Quran as the Book of Salvation to a people who believe is named: ﻫُﺪًى ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ hudan wa-raḥmatan – „a guidance and a mercy” (S. VII, 52; XVI, 64.89; XXVII, 76–77; XXXI, 2– ﻫُﺪًى ﺑﻭشُْﺮَى ,( 3 hudan wa-bušrà – „guidance and glad tidings” (S. II, 97; XXVII, 1–2) oraz ﻫُﺪًًى ﻭشِ ﺎﻔء hudan wa-šifāʼun – „a guide and a cure” (S. XLI, 44). In Torah, Gospel Book and Quran „was guidance and light” for those who have Taqwà of Allāh (S. V, فﻴهِ ﻫُﺪًى ﻮﻧﻭرٌ : 46 fīhi hudan wa-nūrun). The synonims of way leadings to salvation are the followings terms: سَ ﻴﺒلُ ﷲِﺍ sabīlu l-Lāhi – „the cause of Allāh” i صِﺮَﺍط ﻤﻟﺍُﺴْ ﻘﺘ ﻢِﻴُ ṣirātu l-mustaqīmu – „correct guidance”. However the noun ﻫﺎَدٍ hādin – „the Guide” is one of theophanic names of Allāh (S. XXII, 54; XXV, 31). The verbal derivatives serve to define of the divine action in believers life (S. II, 143. 198; VI, 87; XVI, 36; XXXIX, 18; XCIII, ﻫَﺪَى : 7 hadà – „guided”). Allāh „guide” ( ﻳَهْﺪِى yahdī) the people who believe to the salvation, to the truth and to Himself. He is absolutely independent in giving salvation, it's signified with phrase ﻣَنْ ﻳشََﺎء man yašāʼu – „whom He wills” (S. II, 142. 213. 272; VI, 88; X, 25; XVI, 4. 93; XXIV, 35. 46; XXVIII, 56; XXXV, 8). The blievers are named أ ﻤﻟُهْ ﺪﺘُ ﻥﻭَ ʼal-muhtadūna – „the guided” (S. Vi, 82). The antithesis of the verb „guide” is verb أضَلﱠ ʼaḏalla – „leads astray” (S. LXXIV, 31). The expressions the mutual experiential base is connected with the Bible whose name is nomadism. The ancient Hebrews and Arabs were nomads. Therfore the metaphoric of way serves to name the various spheres of his life and culture. The metaphore of divine guidance the man to the salvation in Quran has the pattern in the biblical texts. The hebrew equivalents to the expressions are the words of Hebrew vocabulary derivated from the more verbal roots: { נחה } nẖh, { דרך } drk, { אשׁר } ʼšr, { ארח }ʼrẖ, { עגל } ʻgl, { נתב } ntb, { סלה } slh. The biblical texts are for the author of Quran starting-point to moulding the own conception of salvation. The elaborated in this article expressions serve to describe one of the divine action of salvation. It relies on guidance of the believers on the right way to salvation. The name of Allāh, „The Guide”, is guarding the man from the mistakes on this way

Miłosierdzie jako synonim zbawienia w Koranie. Refleksje lingwistyczno-teologiczne

There is the idea of divine mercy in Quran. It is expressed by the words of Arabic vocabulary derivated from the triliteral verbal root رحم rḥm. The fundamental means of expressing the mystery of divine mercy is the ritual formula it`s name Basmalah بسْمِ لِله ا ﺮﻟَّحْﻤَانِِ ا ﺮﻟَّحِﻴمِ bi-smi l-Lāhi r-Raḥmāni r-raḥími – „In the Name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful”. ʼAr-Raḥmānu ( أ ﺮﻟَّحْﻤٰﻦُ ) and ʼAr-Raḥímu ( ا ﺮﻟَّحِﻴمِ ) are two names derived from ʼAr-Raḥmatu ( رَحْﻤَﺔ ) – „the mercy”, but more meanings that pertain to mercy than ʼAr-Raḥímu. This formula means the belonging to a community of Islam believers. Another formula is إنَّ لُله غَ ﻮﻔرٌ رَحِﻴمٌ ʼinna l-Lāhu ġafūrun raḥīmun – „Verily, Allāh his Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful!” (S. V, 34. 39; IX, 9. 99. 102; XLIX, 14; LXXIII, 28) and its modifications. It`s used to confirm the credibility of the truths of faith and the moral norms divinely revealed. The divine revelation in Quran and its realisation in earthly life is signified with the followings pairs of derivatives of root رحم rḥm: هُﺪَﻯ ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ )ﻭ ) (wa)-hudà wa-raḥmatun – „(and) a guidance and a mercy” (S. VI, 157; VII, 52; XVI, 64; XXVII, 76–77; XXXI, 2– إﻣَاﻡٌ ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ ,( 3 ʼimāmun wa-raḥmatun – „a guide and a mercy” (S. XLVI, شِﻔاءٌ ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ , 12 šifāʼun wa-raḥmatun – „a cure and a mercy” (S. XVII, ﻣَغْﻔِﺮَﺓ ﻣِﻦَ لِله ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ ,( 82 maġfiratun mina l-Lāhi wa-raḥmatun – „forgiveness and mercy from Allāh” (S. III, فضْلُ الِله ﻭرَحْﻤَتُﻪُ ,( 157 faḏlu l-Lāhi wa-raḥmatuhu – „the grace and mercy of Allāh” (S. IV, صَ ﻮﻠَاﺕٌ ﻣِﻦْ رَبِّﻬمْ ﻭرَحْ ﺔﻤ ,( 83 ṣalawātun min rabbihim wa-raḥmatun – „who are blessed from their Lord and receive His mercy” (S. II, 157). Allāh, the Most Merciful, is absolutely independent in giving salvation. It is signified with phrase ﻣَﻦْ ﻳَﺸَاءُ man yašāʼu – „whom He wills” (S. II, 105). Divine mercy is better ( خَﻴْﺮٌ ẖayrun) from all, what man has on earth. Therefore in Quran there are more prayers for divine mercy and to divine mercy. Complementary to words derivated from the root رحم rḥm are the derivatives from the root رأف rʼf. In spite of more similiarity to biblical science about divine mercy, the author of Quran created own divine mercy conception. He throws away all of trinitology, christology, soteriology and staurology.There is the idea of divine mercy in Quran. It is expressed by the words of Arabic vocabulary derivated from the triliteral verbal root رحم rḥm. The fundamental means of expressing the mystery of divine mercy is the ritual formula it`s name Basmalah بسْمِ لِله ا ﺮﻟَّحْﻤَانِِ ا ﺮﻟَّحِﻴمِ bi-smi l-Lāhi r-Raḥmāni r-raḥími – „In the Name of Allāh, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful”. ʼAr-Raḥmānu ( أ ﺮﻟَّحْﻤٰﻦُ ) and ʼAr-Raḥímu ( ا ﺮﻟَّحِﻴمِ ) are two names derived from ʼAr-Raḥmatu ( رَحْﻤَﺔ ) – „the mercy”, but more meanings that pertain to mercy than ʼAr-Raḥímu. This formula means the belonging to a community of Islam believers. Another formula is إنَّ لُله غَ ﻮﻔرٌ رَحِﻴمٌ ʼinna l-Lāhu ġafūrun raḥīmun – „Verily, Allāh his Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful!” (S. V, 34. 39; IX, 9. 99. 102; XLIX, 14; LXXIII, 28) and its modifications. It`s used to confirm the credibility of the truths of faith and the moral norms divinely revealed. The divine revelation in Quran and its realisation in earthly life is signified with the followings pairs of derivatives of root رحم rḥm: هُﺪَﻯ ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ )ﻭ ) (wa)-hudà wa-raḥmatun – „(and) a guidance and a mercy” (S. VI, 157; VII, 52; XVI, 64; XXVII, 76–77; XXXI, 2– إﻣَاﻡٌ ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ ,( 3 ʼimāmun wa-raḥmatun – „a guide and a mercy” (S. XLVI, شِﻔاءٌ ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ , 12 šifāʼun wa-raḥmatun – „a cure and a mercy” (S. XVII, ﻣَغْﻔِﺮَﺓ ﻣِﻦَ لِله ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ ,( 82 maġfiratun mina l-Lāhi wa-raḥmatun – „forgiveness and mercy from Allāh” (S. III, فضْلُ الِله ﻭرَحْﻤَتُﻪُ ,( 157 faḏlu l-Lāhi wa-raḥmatuhu – „the grace and mercy of Allāh” (S. IV, صَ ﻮﻠَاﺕٌ ﻣِﻦْ رَبِّﻬمْ ﻭرَحْ ﺔﻤ ,( 83 ṣalawātun min rabbihim wa-raḥmatun – „who are blessed from their Lord and receive His mercy” (S. II, 157). Allāh, the Most Merciful, is absolutely independent in giving salvation. It is signified with phrase ﻣَﻦْ ﻳَﺸَاءُ man yašāʼu – „whom He wills” (S. II, 105). Divine mercy is better ( خَﻴْﺮٌ ẖayrun) from all, what man has on earth. Therefore in Quran there are more prayers for divine mercy and to divine mercy. Complementary to words derivated from the root رحم rḥm are the derivatives from the root رأف rʼf. In spite of more similiarity to biblical science about divine mercy, the author of Quran created own divine mercy conception. He throws away all of trinitology, christology, soteriology and staurology

Diversity and Distribution of Mites (Acari: Ixodida, Mesostigmata, Trombidiformes, Sarcoptiformes) in the Svalbard Archipelago

Svalbard is a singular region to study biodiversity. Located at a high latitude and geographically isolated, the archipelago possesses widely varying environmental conditions and unique flora and fauna communities. It is also here where particularly rapid environmental changes are occurring, having amongst the fastest increases in mean air temperature in the Arctic. One of the most common and species-rich invertebrate groups in Svalbard is the mites (Acari). We here describe the characteristics of the Svalbard acarofauna, and, as a baseline, an updated inventory of 178 species (one Ixodida, 36 Mesostigmata, 43 Trombidiformes, and 98 Sarcoptiformes) along with their occurrences. In contrast to the Trombidiformes and Sarcoptiformes, which are dominated in Svalbard by species with wide geographical distributions, the Mesostigmata include many Arctic species (39%); it would thus be an interesting future study to determine if mesostigmatid communities are more affected by global warming then other mite groups. A large number of new species (42 spp.) have been described from Svalbard, including 15 that have so far been found exclusively there. It is yet uncertain if any of these latter species are endemic: six are recent findings, the others are old records and, in most cases, impossible to verify. That the Arctic is still insufficiently sampled also limits conclusions concerning endemicity.publishedVersio

Mite species inhabiting commercial bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) nests in Polish greenhouses

Nests of social insects are usually inhabited by various mite species that feed on pollen, other micro-arthropods or are parasitic. Well-known negative effects of worldwide economic importance are caused by mites parasitizing honeybee colonies. Lately, attention has focused on the endoparasitic mite Locustacarus buchneri that has been found in commercial bumblebees. However, little is known of other mites associated with commercial bumblebee nests. Transportation of commercial bumblebee colonies with unwanted residents may introduce foreign mite species to new localities. In this study, we assessed the prevalence and species composition of mites associated with commercial bumblebee nests and determined if the mites are foreign species for Poland and for Europe. The study was conducted on 37 commercial bumblebee nests from two companies (Dutch and Israeli), originating from two greenhouses in southern Poland, and on 20 commercial bumblebee colonies obtained directly from suppliers. The species composition and abundance of mites inhabiting commercial bumblebee nests were determined. Seven mite species from three families were found in nests after greenhouse exploitation. The predominant mite species was Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acaridae) that was a 100-fold more numerous than representatives of the family Laelapidae (Hypoaspis marginepilosa, H. hyatti, H. bombicolens). Representatives of Parasitidae (Parasitellus fucorum, P. crinitus, P. ignotus) were least numerous. All identified mite species are common throughout Europe, foreign species were not found. Mites were not detected in nests obtained directly from suppliers. We conclude that probably bumblebee nests are invaded by local mite species during greenhouse exploitation

Zbawczy wymiar teokalii w Koranie a ikonoklazm islamu

God as the salvific subject discloses through names in Koran. In names of God is His Beauty concretizated. The mistery of God revealed in Koran according to islamie belief can apprehend in the category of theokalia (ﺃﻷﺳْﻤَﺎﺀُ ﺍﻠﺤُﺴْﻨﻰ ʼal-ʼasmāʼu l-ḥusnà). God is ascertained and handled through man in concrete names. According to islamie teachings, the Koran was revelated to the prophet Muhammad in the Arabic language. He heard the first of these revelations in the cave of Hira with a voice commanding him: “Recite in the name of the Lord who created all things. […] Recite! For the Lord is most Beneficent” (S. XCVI, 1–5). The salvation in Koran is regarded as desire of viewing divine countenance (S. II, 272; VI, 52; XIII, 22; XVIII, 28; XXX, 38.39; XCII, 20). All salvated people will collapsed with human faces in front of God’s Majesty and dignified glory divine countenance (S. II, 255). Here on esrth islamic rosary (ﺳُﺒْﺤَﺔ subḥatun; ﻣِﺴْﺒَﺤَﺔ misbaḥatun; ﺗﺴْﺒِﻴﺢٌ tasbīḥun) is the concretisation of ontic Beauty of God. Specifing the beautiful names of God the muslim handles divine countenance (ﻭَﺟْﻪُ ﷲِ wağhu l-lāhi) – sees icon of God. Muslim rosary realizes the substitute function of icon. Islam is aniconic religion, because Koran doesn`t comprehend immediate prohibition of making the images of God and human figures. Koran prohibits to worship idols (S. XXI, 52 nn; XXXIV, 13). Creator of islam excludes the thinking about “images of God” (ﺻُﻮَﺭُ ﷲِ ṣuwaru l-lāhi), because in this mode representation of God in heaven will be created by human beings. God is totaly souvereign. The talking about God as “watching” or “watched” (ﻣَﻨْﻈﻮﺭٌ manẕūrun) will be suggested, that He is “created” (ﻣُﺼَﻮﱠﺭٌ muṣawwarun) by human imagination. It`s compatible with confession of absolute monotheism. The term aniconic of islam is nearer the truth than islamic iconoclasm.Bóg jako podmiot zbawiający ujawnia się w Koranie poprzez swoje imiona. W imionach Boga konkretyzuje się Jego piękno. Tajemnica Boga objawiona w Koranie zgodnie z wiarą islamu może być rozumiana w kategoriach teokalii (ﺃﻷﺳْﻤَﺎﺀُ ﺍﻠﺤُﺴْﻨﻰ ʼal-ʼasmāʼu l-ḥusnà). Bóg jest poznawany i dotykalny przez człowieka w konkretnych imionach. Zgodnie z nauką islamu Koran został objawiony prorokowi Muḥammadowi w języku arabskim. On usłyszał pierwsze z tych objawień w jaskini Hira przez głos, który mu nakazał: „Głos! w imię twego Pana, który stworzył! […] Głos! Twój Pan jest najszlachetniejszy!” (S. XCVI, 1–5). Zbawienie w Koranie jest uważane za pragnienie oglądania oblicza Bożego (S. II, 272; VI, 52; XIII, 22; XVIII, 28; XXX, 38.39; XCII, 20). Wszyscy zbawieni ludzie upadną na swoje oblicza przed obliczem majestatu Bożego i będą głosić chwałę oblicza Boskiego (S. II, 255). Różaniec muzułmański (ﺳُﺒْﺤَﺔ subḥatun; ﻣِﺴْﺒَﺤَﺔ misbaḥatun; ﺗﺴْﺒِﻴﺢٌ tasbīḥun) jest tu, na ziemi, konkretyzacją ontycznego piękna Boga. Wskazując na piękne imiona Boga, muzułmanin dotyka oblicza Bożego (ﻭَﺟْﻪُ ﷲِ wağhu l-lāhi) – widzi obraz Boga. Różaniec muzułmański występuje w formie zastępczej w odniesieniu do obrazu. Islam jest religią anikoniczną, ponieważ Koran nie zawiera bezpośredniego zakazu tworzenia wizerunków Boga i istot ludzkich. Koran zakazuje tworzenia bożków, idoli (S. XXI, 52 nn; XXXIV, 13). Twórca islamu wykluczył myśl o „wizerunkach Boga” (ﺻُﻮَﺭُ ﷲِ ṣuwaru l-lāhi), ponieważ taki sposób wyobrażania Boga w niebiosach byłby Jego tworzeniem przez ludzki byt. Bóg jest całkowicie suwerenny. Mówienie o Bogu jako „kształtowanym” lub „oglądanym” (ﻣَﻨْﻈﻮﺭٌ manẕūrun) byłoby sugestią, że jest On „tworzony” (ﻣُﺼَﻮﱠﺭٌ muṣawwarun) przez ludzkie wyobrażenie. Jest to zgodne z wyznawaniem absolutnego monoteizmu. Określenie a-ikoniczny (anikoniczny) w odniesieniu do islamu jest bliższe prawdy niż termin ikonoklazm islamu

Droga jako synonim zbawienia w Koranie. Refleksje lingwistyczno-teologiczne

The metaphor of the way is one mode of seeing the salvation. Quran as the Holy Book of salvation for the Muslim believers attempts to handle the religious experience in category of the way. The metaphor of the way is in Quran expressed by the words of Arabic voculary derivated from the triliteral verbal root { ﺪﻫى } hdy. They are firstly the nominal derivatives: ﻫُﺪًى hudan – „right guidance, right way, right path, true religion” (S. II, 2. 38). Quran as the Book of Salvation to a people who believe is named: ﻫُﺪًى ﻭرَحْﻤَﺔ hudan wa-raḥmatan – „a guidance and a mercy” (S. VII, 52; XVI, 64.89; XXVII, 76–77; XXXI, 2– ﻫُﺪًى ﺑﻭشُْﺮَى ,( 3 hudan wa-bušrà – „guidance and glad tidings” (S. II, 97; XXVII, 1–2) oraz ﻫُﺪًًى ﻭشِ ﺎﻔء hudan wa-šifāʼun – „a guide and a cure” (S. XLI, 44). In Torah, Gospel Book and Quran „was guidance and light” for those who have Taqwà of Allāh (S. V, فﻴهِ ﻫُﺪًى ﻮﻧﻭرٌ : 46 fīhi hudan wa-nūrun). The synonims of way leadings to salvation are the followings terms: سَ ﻴﺒلُ ﷲِﺍ sabīlu l-Lāhi – „the cause of Allāh” i صِﺮَﺍط ﻤﻟﺍُﺴْ ﻘﺘ ﻢِﻴُ ṣirātu l-mustaqīmu – „correct guidance”. However the noun ﻫﺎَدٍ hādin – „the Guide” is one of theophanic names of Allāh (S. XXII, 54; XXV, 31). The verbal derivatives serve to define of the divine action in believers life (S. II, 143. 198; VI, 87; XVI, 36; XXXIX, 18; XCIII, ﻫَﺪَى : 7 hadà – „guided”). Allāh „guide” ( ﻳَهْﺪِى yahdī) the people who believe to the salvation, to the truth and to Himself. He is absolutely independent in giving salvation, it's signified with phrase ﻣَنْ ﻳشََﺎء man yašāʼu – „whom He wills” (S. II, 142. 213. 272; VI, 88; X, 25; XVI, 4. 93; XXIV, 35. 46; XXVIII, 56; XXXV, 8). The blievers are named أ ﻤﻟُهْ ﺪﺘُ ﻥﻭَ ʼal-muhtadūna – „the guided” (S. Vi, 82). The antithesis of the verb „guide” is verb أضَلﱠ ʼaḏalla – „leads astray” (S. LXXIV, 31). The expressions the mutual experiential base is connected with the Bible whose name is nomadism. The ancient Hebrews and Arabs were nomads. Therfore the metaphoric of way serves to name the various spheres of his life and culture. The metaphore of divine guidance the man to the salvation in Quran has the pattern in the biblical texts. The hebrew equivalents to the expressions are the words of Hebrew vocabulary derivated from the more verbal roots: { נחה } nẖh, { דרך } drk, { אשׁר } ʼšr, { ארח }ʼrẖ, { עגל } ʻgl, { נתב } ntb, { סלה } slh. The biblical texts are for the author of Quran starting-point to moulding the own conception of salvation. The elaborated in this article expressions serve to describe one of the divine action of salvation. It relies on guidance of the believers on the right way to salvation. The name of Allāh, „The Guide”, is guarding the man from the mistakes on this way