Maximizing Biojet Fuel Production from Triglyceride: Importance of the Hydrocracking Catalyst and Separate Deoxygenation/Hydrocracking Steps

Various parameters in the catalytic hydroconversion of triglycerides (palm oil) were carefully investigated for maximizing the production of biojet fuel. The results showed that the deoxygenation of triglyceride via hydrotreatment should be carried out in a separate reactor prior to the hydrocracking step (i.e., two-step reaction process). Otherwise, the CO generated during deoxygenation can poison the metal components in the metal/acid bifunctional catalysts (Pt/zeolites), which can cause significant imbalance between the metal and acid functions in hydrocracking. This leads to fast catalyst deactivation via coke formation, heavy formation of aromatics, and overcracking of hydrocarbons, resulting in the reduction of final biojet fuel yield. In the two-step process, the second hydrocracking step mainly determines the final biojet fuel yield, and thus, a rational design of the hydrocracking catalysts that can suppress overcracking is essential. The diffusion characteristics of the multibranched hydrocarbon (e.g., 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) in the hydrocracking catalysts could be correlated with the yields of the jet fuel-range C8–C16 hydrocarbons and the <i>iso</i>/<i>n</i>-paraffin ratios. The result indicates that the facile diffusion of multibranched isomers out of catalysts before excessive cracking is important for the suppression of the formation of light hydrocarbons (≤C7). Consequently, Pt supported on nanocrystalline large-pore BEA zeolite showed the largest biojet fuel yield with the highest <i>iso</i>-paraffin content. Under the optimized conditions, 55 wt % of biojet fuel with respect to palm oil was achieved after final distillation, which satisfied all the required fuel specifications