Strategic interaction between fiscal and monetary policies in an export-oriented economy

Solving the problem of stabilizing the economy is directly tied to the necessity of keeping the main macroeconomic variables stable. However, macroeconomic stability is not in the general case a purely fiscal or a purely monetary problem. How the central bank and the government interact is of principle importance. We investigate the impact of macroeconomic policies on the dynamics of the exchange rate, inflation, output and stabilization fund and consider different forms of strategic interaction between the government and the central bank. In this paper we build a stylized model of an export-oriented economy. We use numerical examples for our analysis and practical conclusions. The effective interaction of fiscal and monetary policies is possible under a cooperative Stackelberg game interaction with the government as leader. It is shown that the independence of the central bank does not play a crucial role

Quasi-two-day wave in an unstable summer atmosphere - some numerical results on excitation and propagation

Based on numerical calculations we demonstrate that small changes in the smooth climatological background atmosphere may lead to an unstable mean zonal wind distribution in the summer middle atmosphere. We relate these changes to small ones because locations and power of the main circulation structures are conserved, except for the acceleration of the easterly jet in the stratosphere/mesosphere. The instability forces oscillations propagating westward with a period of about 2 days and zonal wave numbers s=3 and/or 4. There are variations in the mean zonal wind distribution due to the excitation and transient propagation of these waves, and the numerical results correspond to features of these variations observed in experimental studies. The growing waves tend to remove the source of excitation. This process is effective enough to reduce the strong easterly jet and to remove the strong negative gradient of the zonal mean potential vorticity in the region of the instability. Therefore, when these parameters are calculated as mean values over a long time interval, the obtained values are too small to provide the instability. Strong 2-day waves, in turn, are unstable and can generate secondary waves with longer periods and lower zonal wave numbers. This effect is only significant for extremely strong 2-day waves. Another process is found to be more effective to produce secondary waves. We demonstrated that the 2-day wave with s=3 forced by nonlinear interaction between the 10-14 day planetary waves and the 2-day wave of zonal wave number 4 is unstable. This wave instability generates secondary waves with amplitudes that are large enough to be observed by ground-based radars, for example

Some numerical results on the quasi-two-day wave excitation andpropagation in the unstable summer middle atmosphere

Mit Hilfe numerischer Simulationen wird gezeigt, dass manche Änderungen des klimatologischen Hintergrundwindfeldes zu instabilem mittleren Zonalwind in der mittleren Atmosphäre Sommerhemisphäre führen. Diese Instabilität treibt Oszillationen mit einer Periode um 2 Tage an, welche eine zonale Wellenzahl von s = 3 oder 4 aufweisen. Beobachtete Variationen des mittleren Windes stehen in Verbindung mit diesen numerisch gefundenen Schwingungen. Starke 2-Tage-Wellen wiederum sind instabil und können daher Wellen längerer Periodendauer und kleinerer Wellanzahl anregen. Dieser Effekt ist jedoch nur für sehr starke 2-Tage-Wellen signifikant. Effektiver ist ein Prozess, bei dem nichtlineare Wechselwirkung zwischen einer 10-14-Tage-Welle und der 2-Tage-Welle der zonalen Wellenzahl 4 eine neue quasi-2-Tage-Welle mit einer Periodendauer von 55-60 Stunden anregt. Diese Welle generiert sekundäre Wellen effektiver als die ursprüngliche 2-Tage-Wellen; die sekundären Wellen können beobachtet werden.Basing on numerical calculations we have demonstrated that some changing of the climatological background atmosphere could lead to an unstable mean zonal wind distribution in the summer middle atmosphere. This instability forces oscillations propagating westward with a period of about 2 days and zonal wavenumbers s = 3 and/or 4. There are variations in the mean zonal wind distribution due to the excitation and transient propagation of these waves and numerical results correspond to features of these changes obtained in experimental studies. Strong 2-day waves in turn are unstable and can generate secondary waves with longer periods and lower zonal wavenumbers. This effect is significant only for very strong 2-day waves. It is shown that the 2-day wave with s=3 forced by non-linear interaction between 10-14 day planetary waves and the 2-day wave of zonal wave number 4 is unstable. This wave generates secondary waves of lower zonal wavenumbers more easily than the primary 2-day waves and these secondary waves may be observed

The sensitivity of the MUAM model to the variability of non-orographic gravity wave distributions

Numerical experiments with the Middle and Upper Atmosphere Model with modified parameterization settings were carried out to study the response of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) wind circulation to the non-orographic gravity waves (GWs) originating from the lower atmosphere. The modification of the phase speed spectrum controls the height of the zonal wind reversal due to strengthening of the westerly winds. The simulation results obtained for various latitudinal distributions of the intensity of non-orographic GWs at the source level show that the zonal circulation is most sensitive to GWs variability at high latitudes. The latitudinal distribution of GW intensity, produced by the global distribution of convective processes and seasonal variations in GW sources, and modified phase speed spectrum made it possible to simulate the major zonal circulation structures observed by MLT wind radar.Numerische Experimente mit dem Middle and Upper Atmosphere Model mit modifizierten Parametriesierungseinstellungen wurden durchgeführt, um die Reaktion der Zirkulation der in der Mesosphäre / unteren Thermosphäre (MLT) auf nicht-orographische Schwerewellen (SW) zu untersuchen, die von der unteren Atmosphäre ausgehen. Die Modifikation des Phasengeschwindikeitsspektrums steuert die Höhe der zonalen Windumkehr aufgrund der Verstärkung der Westwinde. Die Simulationsergebnisse für verschiedene Breitenverteilungen der Intensität nicht-orographischer SW in Quellenhöhe zeigen, dass die zonale Zirkulation am stärksten auf SW-Variabilität in hohen Breiten reagiert. Die Breitenverteilung der SW-Intensität, die durch die globale Verteilung konvektiver Prozesse und saisonaler Variationen der SW-Quellen erzeugt wird, und das modifizierte Phasengeschwindkeitsspektrum ermöglichten es, die wichgsten zonalen Zirkulationsstrukturen zu simulieren, die von einem MLT-Windradar beobachtet wurden

Conciseness of coprime commutators in finite groups

Let G be a finite group. We show that the order of the subgroup generated by coprime commutators is bounded in terms of the size of the set of coprime commutators. This is in parallel with a classical theorem due to Turner-Smith

On a 2-generated infinite 3-group: The presentation problem

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/26542/1/0000081.pd

Radar observations of geomagnetic disturbance effects on midlatitude mesosphere/lower thermosphere dynamics

Zeitreihen von Monatsmittelwerten des Windes in der Mesosphäre/unteren Thermosphäre über Collm werden auf mögliche Korrelationen mit der Nordatlantischen Oszillation (NAO) und der Südlichen Oszillation (SO) hin untersucht. Während eine positive Korrelation bis in die 1990er Jahre existiert, schwächt sich diese in der Folge ab und kehrt sich teilweise um. Da NAO und SO gekoppelt sind, erfolgen diese Änderungen etwa zur selben Zeit. Die Änderung der Kopplung steht wahrscheinlich in Verbindung mit einer generellen Änderung der Dynamik der mittleren Atmosphäre

Spectator detection for the measurement of proton neutron interactions at ANKE

A telescope of three silicon detectors has been installed close to the internal target position of the ANKE spectrometer, which is situated inside the ultra-high vacuum of the COSY-Juelich light-ion storage ring. The detection and identification of slow protons and deuterons emerging from a deuterium cluster-jet target thus becomes feasible. A good measurement of the energy and angle of such a spectator proton (p_sp) allows one to identify a reaction as having taken place on the neutron in the target and then to determine the kinematical variables of the ion-neutron system on an event-by-event basis over a range of c.m. energies. The system has been successfully tested under laboratory conditions. By measuring the spectator proton in the p d to p_sp d pi^0 reaction in coincidence with a fast deuteron in the ANKE Forward Detector, values of the p n to d pi^0 total cross-section have been deduced. Further applications of the telescope include the determination of the luminosity and beam polarisation which are required for several experiments.Comment: 16 pages, 9 figure

Structural changes in lower ionosphere wind trends at midlatitudes

Long-term variability of the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (lower E region ionosphere) since 1970 has been analyzed using wind data series obtained at Collm (52° N, 15° E) using the LF drift method and at Obninsk (55° N, 37° E) applying VHF meteor radar. Applying piecewise linear trend analysis with a priori unknown number and positions of breakpoints shows that trend models with breakpoints are generally to be preferred against straight lines. There is a strong indication for a change of trends in wind parameters around 1975–1980. Similar changes are also found in the lower atmosphere, e.g., in tropospheric temperatures. This indicates a coupling between atmospheric layers at time scales of decades

Technogenic Mineral Raw Materials for the Production of Refractories and Ceramics

Chemical–mineral and material–genetic classifications of technogenic mineral raw materials including up to 36 polyphase groups of materials that form the basis of secondary resources suitable for the production of refractories and ceramics after additional processing are proposed. It is shown that technogenic materials of the Urals are cheap multifunctional raw materials and can be used in the production of magnesia-silicate ceramics, carbon– and zirconium–containing high-alumina refractories and cements. Keywords: classification, secondary mineral resources, composition, recycling, refractories, ceramic