HAGRID -- High Accuracy GRB Rapid Inference with Deep learning

Since their discoveries in 1967, Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) continue to be one of the most researched objects in astrophysics. Multi-messenger observations are key to gaining a deeper understanding of these events. In order to facilitate such measurements, fast and accurate localization of the gamma-ray prompt emission is required. As traditional localization techniques are often time consuming or prone to significant systematic errors, here we present a novel method which can be applied on the POLAR-2 observatory. POLAR-2 is a dedicated GRB polarimeter, which will be launched towards the China Space Station (CSS) in 2025. The CSS provides POLAR-2 access to a GPU, which makes it possible and advantageous to run a Deep Learning model on it. In this work, we explore the possibility to identify GRBs in real time and to infer their location and spectra with deep learning models. Using POLAR simulations and data, a feasibility experiment was performed to implement this method on POLAR-2. Our results indicate that using this method, in combination with real time data downlinking capabilities, POLAR-2 will be able to provide accurate localization alerts within 2 minutes of the GRB onset.Comment: Proceeding from the 38th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2023), 8 page

Précarité de Logement et Problèmes Sanitaires en Contexte d’Inondabilité au Quartier Étam-Bafia, Yaoundé

Cet article analyse la précarité socio-économique comme facteur d’endémicité des maladies liées à l’eau dans les quartiers inondables de Yaoundé. En prenant le quartier Étam-Bafia comme zone d’étude, ce texte caractérise les conditions de logement en zone inondable et le profil sanitaire qui en résulte. Le protocole méthodologique combine enquêtes de terrain et des traitements statistique et géomatique des données multi-sources. Les résultats donnent de comprendre que, les dynamiques d’occupation de l’espace par les populations indigentes et les défaillances des politiques d’aménagement urbain, sont à l’origine de la territorialisation du paludisme, de la typhoïde, des maladies diarrhéiques et cutanées dans l’espace urbain de Yaoundé.   This paper analyzes socio-economic precariousness as a factor in the endemicity of water-related diseases in the flood-prone neighborhoods of Yaoundé. By taking the Etam-Bafia district as a study area, this text characterizes the housing conditions in flood-prone areas and the resulting health profile. Methodology combines field surveys, statistical and geomatic processing of multi-source data. The results give an understanding that the dynamics of occupation of spaces by indigent populations and the failures of urban development policies are at the origin of the territorialization of malaria, typhoid, diarrheal and cutaneous diseases in the urban space of Yaoundé

Précarité de Logement et Problèmes Sanitaires en Contexte d’Inondabilité au Quartier Étam-Bafia, Yaoundé

Cet article analyse la précarité socio-économique comme facteur d’endémicité des maladies liées à l’eau dans les quartiers inondables de Yaoundé. En prenant le quartier Étam-Bafia comme zone d’étude, ce texte caractérise les conditions de logement en zone inondable et le profil sanitaire qui en résulte. Le protocole méthodologique combine enquêtes de terrain et des traitements statistique et géomatique des données multi-sources. Les résultats donnent de comprendre que, les dynamiques d’occupation de l’espace par les populations indigentes et les défaillances des politiques d’aménagement urbain, sont à l’origine de la territorialisation du paludisme, de la typhoïde, des maladies diarrhéiques et cutanées dans l’espace urbain de Yaoundé.   This paper analyzes socio-economic precariousness as a factor in the endemicity of water-related diseases in the flood-prone neighborhoods of Yaoundé. By taking the Etam-Bafia district as a study area, this text characterizes the housing conditions in flood-prone areas and the resulting health profile. Methodology combines field surveys, statistical and geomatic processing of multi-source data. The results give an understanding that the dynamics of occupation of spaces by indigent populations and the failures of urban development policies are at the origin of the territorialization of malaria, typhoid, diarrheal and cutaneous diseases in the urban space of Yaoundé

Précarité de Logement et Problèmes Sanitaires en Contexte d’Inondabilité au Quartier Étam-Bafia, Yaoundé

Cet article analyse la précarité socio-économique comme facteur d’endémicité des maladies liées à l’eau dans les quartiers inondables de Yaoundé. En prenant le quartier Étam-Bafia comme zone d’étude, ce texte caractérise les conditions de logement en zone inondable et le profil sanitaire qui en résulte. Le protocole méthodologique combine enquêtes de terrain et des traitements statistique et géomatique des données multi-sources. Les résultats donnent de comprendre que, les dynamiques d’occupation de l’espace par les populations indigentes et les défaillances des politiques d’aménagement urbain, sont à l’origine de la territorialisation du paludisme, de la typhoïde, des maladies diarrhéiques et cutanées dans l’espace urbain de Yaoundé.   This paper analyzes socio-economic precariousness as a factor in the endemicity of water-related diseases in the flood-prone neighborhoods of Yaoundé. By taking the Etam-Bafia district as a study area, this text characterizes the housing conditions in flood-prone areas and the resulting health profile. Methodology combines field surveys, statistical and geomatic processing of multi-source data. The results give an understanding that the dynamics of occupation of spaces by indigent populations and the failures of urban development policies are at the origin of the territorialization of malaria, typhoid, diarrheal and cutaneous diseases in the urban space of Yaoundé

Précarité de Logement et Problèmes Sanitaires en Contexte d’Inondabilité au Quartier Étam-Bafia, Yaoundé

Cet article analyse la précarité socio-économique comme facteur d’endémicité des maladies liées à l’eau dans les quartiers inondables de Yaoundé. En prenant le quartier Étam-Bafia comme zone d’étude, ce texte caractérise les conditions de logement en zone inondable et le profil sanitaire qui en résulte. Le protocole méthodologique combine enquêtes de terrain et des traitements statistique et géomatique des données multi-sources. Les résultats donnent de comprendre que, les dynamiques d’occupation de l’espace par les populations indigentes et les défaillances des politiques d’aménagement urbain, sont à l’origine de la territorialisation du paludisme, de la typhoïde, des maladies diarrhéiques et cutanées dans l’espace urbain de Yaoundé.   This paper analyzes socio-economic precariousness as a factor in the endemicity of water-related diseases in the flood-prone neighborhoods of Yaoundé. By taking the Etam-Bafia district as a study area, this text characterizes the housing conditions in flood-prone areas and the resulting health profile. Methodology combines field surveys, statistical and geomatic processing of multi-source data. The results give an understanding that the dynamics of occupation of spaces by indigent populations and the failures of urban development policies are at the origin of the territorialization of malaria, typhoid, diarrheal and cutaneous diseases in the urban space of Yaoundé

The Leishmania ARL-1 and Golgi Traffic

We present here the characterisation of the Leishmania small G protein ADP-Ribosylation Factor-Like protein 1 (ARL-1). The ARL-1 gene is present in one copy per haploid genome and conserved among trypanosomatids. It encodes a protein of 20 kDa, which is equally expressed in the insect promastigote and mammalian amastigote forms of the parasite. ARL-1 localises to the Trans-Golgi Network (TGN); N-terminal myristoylation is essential for TGN localisation. In vivo expression of the LdARL-1/Q74L and LdARL-1/T51N mutants (GTP- and GDP-bound blocked forms respectively) shows that GDP/GTP cycling occurs entirely within the TGN. This is contrary to previous reports in yeast and mammals, where the mutant empty form devoid of nucleotide has been considered as the GDP-blocked form. The dominant-negative empty form mutant LdARL-1/T34N inhibits endocytosis and intracellular trafficking from the TGN to the Lysosome/Multivesicular Tubule and to the acidocalcisomes; these defects are probably related to a mislocalisation of the GRIP domain-containing vesicle tethering factors which cannot be recruited to the TGN by the cytoplasmic LdARL-1/T34N. Thus, besides the functional characterization of a new mutant and a better understanding of ARL-1 GDP/GTP cycling, this work shows that Leishmania ARL-1 is a key component of an essential pathway worth future study

Modeling actual water use under different irrigation regimes at district scale: Application to the FAO-56 dual crop coefficient method

The modeling of irrigation in land surface models are generally based on two soil moisture parameters SMthreshold and SMtarget at which irrigation automatically starts and stops, respectively. Typically, both parameters are usually set to optimal values allowing to fill the soil water reservoir with just the estimated right amount and to avoid crop water excess at all times. The point is that agricultural practices greatly vary according to many factors (climatological, crop, soil, technical, human, etc.). To fill the gap, we propose a new calibration method of SMthreshold and SMtarget to represent the irrigation water use in any (optimal, deficit or even over) irrigation regime. The approach is tested using the dual-crop coefficient FAO-56 model implemented at the field scale over an 8100 ha irrigation district in northeastern Spain where the irrigation water use is precisely monitored at the district scale. Both irrigation parameters are first retrieved at monthly scale from the irrigation observations of year 2019. The irrigation simulated by the FAO-56 model is then evaluated against observations at district and weekly scale over 5 years (2017–2021) separately. The performance of the newly calibrated irrigation module is also assessed by comparing it against three other modules with varying configurations including default estimates for SMthreshold and SMtarget. The proposed irrigation module obtains systematically the best performance for each of the 5 years with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.95 ± 0.02 and root-mean square error of 0.27 ± 0.07 hm3/week (0.64 ± 0.17 mm/day). Unlike the three irrigation modules used as benchmark, the new irrigation module is able to reproduce the farmers’ practices throughout the year, and especially, to simulate the actual water use in the deficit and excess irrigation regimes occurring in the study area in spring and summer, respectively.This study was supported by the IDEWA project ( ANR-19-P026-003 ) of the Partnership for research and innovation in the Mediterranean area ( PRIMA ) program and by the Horizon 2020 ACCWA project (grant agreement # 823965 ) in the context of Marie Sklodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE) program. The authors wish to acknowledge the "Comunitat de Regants Canal Algerri Balaguer" and the Ebro Hydrographic Confederation (SAIH Ebro) for providing the observation irrigation data used in this study

The SPARSE model for the prediction of water stress and evapotranspiration components from thermal infra-red data and its evaluation over irrigated and rainfed wheat

Evapotranspiration is an important component of the water cycle, especially in semi-arid lands. A way to quantify the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration and water stress from remote-sensing data is to exploit the available surface temperature as a signature of the surface energy balance. Remotely sensed energy balance models enable one to estimate stress levels and, in turn, the water status of continental surfaces. Dual-source models are particularly useful since they allow derivation of a rough estimate of the water stress of the vegetation instead of that of a soil–vegetation composite. They either assume that the soil and the vegetation interact almost independently with the atmosphere (patch approach corresponding to a parallel resistance scheme) or are tightly coupled (layer approach corresponding to a series resistance scheme). The water status of both sources is solved simultaneously from a single surface temperature observation based on a realistic underlying assumption which states that, in most cases, the vegetation is unstressed, and that if the vegetation is stressed, evaporation is negligible. In the latter case, if the vegetation stress is not properly accounted for, the resulting evaporation will decrease to unrealistic levels (negative fluxes) in order to maintain the same total surface temperature. This work assesses the retrieval performances of total and component evapotranspiration as well as surface and plant water stress levels by (1) proposing a new dual-source model named Soil Plant Atmosphere and Remote Sensing Evapotranspiration (SPARSE) in two versions (parallel and series resistance networks) based on the TSEB (Two-Source Energy Balance model, Norman et al., 1995) model rationale as well as state-of-the-art formulations of turbulent and radiative exchange, (2) challenging the limits of the underlying hypothesis for those two versions through a synthetic retrieval test and (3) testing the water stress retrievals (vegetation water stress and moisture-limited soil evaporation) against in situ data over contrasted test sites (irrigated and rainfed wheat). We demonstrated with those two data sets that the SPARSE series model is more robust to component stress retrieval for this cover type, that its performance increases by using bounding relationships based on potential conditions (root mean square error lowered by up to 11 W m−2 from values of the order of 50–80 W m−2), and that soil evaporation retrieval is generally consistent with an independent estimate from observed soil moisture evolution

LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products

(Abridged) We describe here the most ambitious survey currently planned in the optical, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). A vast array of science will be enabled by a single wide-deep-fast sky survey, and LSST will have unique survey capability in the faint time domain. The LSST design is driven by four main science themes: probing dark energy and dark matter, taking an inventory of the Solar System, exploring the transient optical sky, and mapping the Milky Way. LSST will be a wide-field ground-based system sited at Cerro Pach\'{o}n in northern Chile. The telescope will have an 8.4 m (6.5 m effective) primary mirror, a 9.6 deg$^2$ field of view, and a 3.2 Gigapixel camera. The standard observing sequence will consist of pairs of 15-second exposures in a given field, with two such visits in each pointing in a given night. With these repeats, the LSST system is capable of imaging about 10,000 square degrees of sky in a single filter in three nights. The typical 5$\sigma$ point-source depth in a single visit in $r$ will be $\sim 24.5$ (AB). The project is in the construction phase and will begin regular survey operations by 2022. The survey area will be contained within 30,000 deg$^2$ with $\delta<+34.5^\circ$, and will be imaged multiple times in six bands, $ugrizy$, covering the wavelength range 320--1050 nm. About 90\% of the observing time will be devoted to a deep-wide-fast survey mode which will uniformly observe a 18,000 deg$^2$ region about 800 times (summed over all six bands) during the anticipated 10 years of operations, and yield a coadded map to $r\sim27.5$. The remaining 10\% of the observing time will be allocated to projects such as a Very Deep and Fast time domain survey. The goal is to make LSST data products, including a relational database of about 32 trillion observations of 40 billion objects, available to the public and scientists around the world.Comment: 57 pages, 32 color figures, version with high-resolution figures available from https://www.lsst.org/overvie

Long-Term Alterations of Cytokines and Growth Factors Expression in Irradiated Tissues and Relation with Histological Severity Scoring

PURPOSE: Beside its efficacy in cancer treatment, radiotherapy induces degeneration of healthy tissues within the irradiated area. The aim of this study was to analyze the variations of proinflammatory (IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ), profibrotic (TGF-β1), proangiogneic (VEGF) and stem cell mobilizing (GM-CSF) cytokines and growth factors in an animal model of radiation-induced tissue degeneration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 24 rats were irradiated unilaterally on the hindlimb at a monodose of 30 Gy. Six weeks (n=8), 6 months (n=8) and 1 year (n=8) after irradiation the mediators expression in skin and muscle were analyzed using Western blot and the Bio-Plex® protein array (BPA) technology. Additional histological severity for fibrosis, inflammation, vascularity and cellularity alterations scoring was defined from histology and immnunohistochemistry analyses. RESULTS: A significant increase of histological severity scoring was found in irradiated tissue. Skin tissues were more radio-sensitive than muscle. A high level of TGF-β1 expression was found throughout the study and a significant relation was evidenced between TGF-β1 expression and fibrosis scoring. Irradiated tissue showed a chronic inflammation (IL-2 and TNF-α significantly increased). Moreover a persistent expression of GM-CSF and VEGF was found in all irradiated tissues. The vascular score was related to TGF-β1 expression and the cellular alterations score was significantly related with the level of IL-2, VEGF and GM-CSF. CONCLUSION: The results achieved in the present study underline the complexity and multiplicity of radio-induced alterations of cytokine network. It offers many perspectives of development, for the comprehension of the mechanisms of late injuries or for the histological and molecular evaluation of the mode of action and the efficacy of rehabilitation techniques