The harmonization of animal protection during transport in the European Union : analysis of the sanctioning systems in Italy, Romania and Spain

In the last sixty years, countries in Europe developed a common legal framework for the protection of so-called "farmed" Animals: on farms, during transport and at the time of their killing. This document describes the most relevant aspects of the sanctioning systems implementing the legislation on the protection of Animals during transport in three countries: Italy, Spain and Romania. These nations were chosen in connection with the author's collaboration with the German non-governmental organization, Animals' Angels. The association has been investigating animal transports at the international level since 1998, with particular attention to these three countries. The article draws on findings collected from the organization's field experience as well as perspectives that have emerged over time during the analysis of the various countries. This document aims to lay out the positive and the negative points of each penalty system, as a basis for a wider analysis, and to formulate proposals for a better and uniform application of a dissuasive sanctioning system in Europe. The fact that penalties are left to the competence of the member states, which are culturally different and have different legal systems, has led to an alarmingly irregular implementation. From another perspective, with protection being put in second place, this leads to competitive distortion in the territory of the European Union. The article examines efforts made by European institutions and member states to improve the harmonisation of the application of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2005. It also offers practical inputs that can be used in future negotiations of the existing laws on animal transport.En los últimos sesenta años, los países europeos desarrollaron un marco legal común para la protección de los animales "de granja": en las granjas, durante el transporte y en el momento de su matanza. Este documento pretende describir los aspectos más relevantes de los sistemas de sanción que aplican la legislación sobre la protección de los animales durante el transporte en tres países: Italia, España y Rumanía. La razón por la que elegí estas naciones reside en mi colaboración con la organización no gubernamental alemana Animals' Angels. Esta asociación lleva investigando los transportes de animales desde 1998, a nivel internacional, con especial atención a estos tres países. Me gustaría utilizar algunos de los hallazgos recogidos de nuestra experiencia directa en el campo y las opiniones consolidadas durante el análisis de los distintos países. El presente documento tiene por objeto extrapolar lo positivo y lo negativo de cada sistema de sanciones, como punto de partida para un análisis más amplio, a fin de formular propuestas para una aplicación mejor y más uniforme de un sistema de sanciones disuasivas en Europa. El hecho de que las sanciones se dejen a la competencia de los Estados miembros, que son culturalmente diferentes y tienen sistemas jurídicos distintos, da lugar a una preocupante falta de homogeneidad en la aplicación en la actualidad. Desde otra perspectiva, en relación a la necesidad de protección, esto lleva a una distorsión de la competencia en el territorio de la Unión Europea. Examinaré los esfuerzos realizados por las instituciones europeas y los Estados Miembros, para mejorar la armonización de la aplicación del Reglamento (CE) Nº 1/2005. Además, tengo la intención de ofrecer algunas aportaciones prácticas que espero sean tomadas en serio en caso de futuras negociaciones de las actuales leyes sobre transporte de animales

The harmonization of animal protection during transport in the European Union : analysis of the sanctioning systems in Italy, Romania and Spain

In the last sixty years, countries in Europe developed a common legal framework for the protection of so-called "farmed" Animals: on farms, during transport and at the time of their killing. This document describes the most relevant aspects of the sanctioning systems implementing the legislation on the protection of Animals during transport in three countries: Italy, Spain and Romania. These nations were chosen in connection with the author's collaboration with the German non-governmental organization, Animals' Angels. The association has been investigating animal transports at the international level since 1998, with particular attention to these three countries. The article draws on findings collected from the organization's field experience as well as perspectives that have emerged over time during the analysis of the various countries. This document aims to lay out the positive and the negative points of each penalty system, as a basis for a wider analysis, and to formulate proposals for a better and uniform application of a dissuasive sanctioning system in Europe. The fact that penalties are left to the competence of the member states, which are culturally different and have different legal systems, has led to an alarmingly irregular implementation. From another perspective, with protection being put in second place, this leads to competitive distortion in the territory of the European Union. The article examines efforts made by European institutions and member states to improve the harmonisation of the application of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2005. It also offers practical inputs that can be used in future negotiations of the existing laws on animal transport.En los últimos sesenta años, los países europeos desarrollaron un marco legal común para la protección de los animales "de granja": en las granjas, durante el transporte y en el momento de su matanza. Este documento pretende describir los aspectos más relevantes de los sistemas de sanción que aplican la legislación sobre la protección de los animales durante el transporte en tres países: Italia, España y Rumanía. La razón por la que elegí estas naciones reside en mi colaboración con la organización no gubernamental alemana Animals' Angels. Esta asociación lleva investigando los transportes de animales desde 1998, a nivel internacional, con especial atención a estos tres países. Me gustaría utilizar algunos de los hallazgos recogidos de nuestra experiencia directa en el campo y las opiniones consolidadas durante el análisis de los distintos países. El presente documento tiene por objeto extrapolar lo positivo y lo negativo de cada sistema de sanciones, como punto de partida para un análisis más amplio, a fin de formular propuestas para una aplicación mejor y más uniforme de un sistema de sanciones disuasivas en Europa. El hecho de que las sanciones se dejen a la competencia de los Estados miembros, que son culturalmente diferentes y tienen sistemas jurídicos distintos, da lugar a una preocupante falta de homogeneidad en la aplicación en la actualidad. Desde otra perspectiva, en relación a la necesidad de protección, esto lleva a una distorsión de la competencia en el territorio de la Unión Europea. Examinaré los esfuerzos realizados por las instituciones europeas y los Estados Miembros, para mejorar la armonización de la aplicación del Reglamento (CE) Nº 1/2005. Además, tengo la intención de ofrecer algunas aportaciones prácticas que espero sean tomadas en serio en caso de futuras negociaciones de las actuales leyes sobre transporte de animales

VKhUTEMAS 100. Spazio, Progetto, Insegnamento/Space, Project, Teaching.

A 100 anni dalla fondazione della Scuola del VKhUTEMAS a Mosca, il suo programma didattico e di ricerca nelle discipline progettuali rimane ancora uno dei capisaldi del pensiero contemporaneo nell’arte, nel design, nell’architettura e nell’urbanistica. Il seminario “VKhUTEMAS 100 . Spazio, progetto, insegnamento” della Scuola di Dottorato dello IUAV, in collaborazione con le istituzioni moscovite che hanno ereditato il lascito intellettuale del VKhUTEMAS – ha sviluppato diverse linee di ricerca: un ciclo di lezioni sulle molte identità disciplinari della Scuola e il loro intreccio in una comune visione progettuale e formativa; un seminario progettuale di ricerca sulla forma e il tipo di un’istituzione specifica, che restituisca la presenza del VKhUTEMAS nella città di Mosca, allora crocevia di idee di progresso civile, artistico e insediativo per l’umanità; un “edificio web” di documentazione della sua produzione di idee e progetti e delle sue intersezioni con le altre tradizioni delle avanguardie del Novecento. Nell’arco di circa due anni di incontri tra alcune scuole di dottorato di grande tradizione – Venezia, Roma, Napoli e Bari – si è sviluppato un dibattito fondato sul confronto tra ipotesi progettuali sulla forma di quello che abbiamo voluto denominare MIVKh – il Museo dell’Idea del VKhUTEMAS – per il progetto del mondo contemporaneo.100 years after the foundation of the VKhUTEMAS School in Moscow, its educational and research programme in the design disciplines remains one of the cornerstones of contemporary thought in art, design, architecture, and urban planning. A seminar called “VKhUTEMAS 100. Space, project, teaching” at the Doctoral School of the IUAV – in collaboration with those institutions in Moscow which inherited the VKhUTEMAS’ intellectual legacy – developed several research lines: a series of lessons on the School’s many disciplinary identities and their intertwining in a common design and training vision; an architectural design seminar seeking the form and type for a specific institution to evidence the presence of the VKhUTEMAS in the city of Moscow, which in its day was a crossroads of ideas of civil, artistic and settlement progress for humanity; a “web building” documenting its production of ideas and projects and its intersections with other traditions of the twentieth-century’s avant-garde schools. In around two years of meetings between doctoral schools with a grand tradition – those of Venice, Rome, Naples and Bari – there was much debate on suggested designs for the form of what we had decided to call the MIVKh – the Museum of the Idea of VKhUTEMAS – a project for today’s world

La fabbrica dei prototipi e il suo disegno urbano / The factory of prototypes and its urban design

Il contributo costituisce uno dei dodici progetti elaborati per il seminario della Scuola di Dottorato IUAV "VKhUTEMAS 100. Spazio, progetto, insegnamento/VKhUTEMAS 100. Space, project, teaching". Il progetto sviluppa due fronti: l'ideazione di un nuovo tipo "La fabbrica dei prototipi" e la valorizzazione di una serie di luoghi del settore sud-occidentale del centro di Mosca, testimonianze fisiche della cultura del VKhUTEMAS-VKhUTEIN, proponendo la costruzione di un grande museo articolato aperto e al chiuso, articolato su più sedi ordinate attraverso un disegno urbano che interessa tutto il settore

Dynamics of fungi and related mycotoxins during cereal storage in silo bags

The aim of this work was to investigate the dynamics of fungi and related mycotoxins during cereal storage in silo bags. A 2-year trial was organised (2009-2011); in each year, two silo bags, filled with maize and durum wheat respectively, were prepared . During storage, meteorological data were collected from a close station and temperature, CO2 and O2 were measured inside the silos. Grain was sampled from silo filling (September) every 40 days until June (7/8 samples per silo per year). Water activity of grain, colony forming units (CFU) and mycotoxin content (fumonisins, aflatoxins and ochratoxin in maize, deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin in wheat) were determined. Temperature inside the silo bags followed the trend of external temperature, with a more limited variation. A decrease of O2 was observed from 16.4% to 2.0% in maize and from 15.7% to 15.1% in wheat; the decrease was balanced by CO2 increase. Minor variations were registered in grain water activity and CFU and mycotoxin content did not change significant throughout the storage period; the results were consistent in the two years. On the basis of these results, silo bags prove to be suitable for safe cereal storage

Agriculture and nobility in Lombardy. Land, management and innovation (1815-1861)

This article aims to reassess the contribution of the nobility in the nineteenth-century economic transformation of Lombardy in northern Italy, focusing on its role in agricultural development. Relying on ongoing archival research into thousands of documents such as correspondence, notarial deeds, probate records, accounting books, the article attempts to demonstrate that noblemen acted in an entrepreneurial manner, supported the progress of techniques and innovation, and played a leading role in the modernisation of the sector. The article reconsiders the contribution of noble families both to the enhancement and management of their lands and to the elaboration and application of agricultural innovation