10 research outputs found
Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants
- Author
- Abarca-Gomez Leandra
- Abdeen Ziad A
- Abdrakhmanova Shynar
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M
- Acosta-Cazares Benjamin
- Adams Robert J
- Aekplakorn Wichai
- Afsana Kaosar
- Afzal Shoaib
- Agdeppa Imelda A
- Aghazadeh-Attari Javad
- Aguilar-Salinas Carlos A
- Agyemang Charles
- Ahmad Mohamad Hasnan
- Ahmad Noor Ani
- Ahmadi Ali
- Ahmadi Naser
- Ahmed Soheir H
- Ahrens Wolfgang
- Aitmurzaeva Gulmira
- Ajlouni Kamel
- Al Nsour Mohannad
- Al-Hazzaa Hazzaa M
- Al-Othman Amani Rashed
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa
- Alarouj Monira
- AlBuhairan Fadia
- AlDhukair Shahla
- Ali Mohamed M
- Alkandari Abdullah
- Alkerwi Ala'a
- Allin Kristine
- Alvarez-Pedrerol Mar
- Aly Eman
- Amarapurkar Deepak N
- Amiri Parisa
- Amougou Norbert
- Amouyel Philippe
- Andersen Lars Bo
- Anderssen Sigmund A
- Angquist Lars
- Anjana Ranjit Mohan
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Aounallah-Skhiri Hajer
- Araujo Joana
- Ariansen Inger
- Aris Tahir
- Arku Raphael E
- Arlappa Nimmathota
- Aryal Krishna K
- Aspelund Thor
- Assah Felix K
- Assuncao Maria Cecilia F
- Aung May Soe
- Auvinen Juha
- Avdicova Maria
- Azevedo Ana
- Azimi-Nezhad Mohsen
- Azizi Fereidoun
- Azmin Mehrdad
- Babu Bontha V
- Baharudin Azli
- Bahijri Suhad
- Baker Jennifer L
- Balakrishna Nagalla
- Bamoshmoosh Mohamed
- Banach Maciej
- Bandosz Piotr
- Banegas Jose R
- Baran Joanna
- Barbagallo Carlo M
- Barcelo Alberto
- Barkat Amina
- Barros Aluisio JD
- Barros Mauro Virgilio Gomes
- Basit Abdul
- Bastos Joao Luiz D
- Bata Iqbal
- Batieha Anwar M
- Batista Rosangela L
- Battakova Zhamilya
- Batyrbek Assembekov
- Baur Louise A
- Beaglehole Robert
- Bebakar Wan Mohamad Wan
- Bel-Serrat Silvia
- Belavendra Antonisamy
- Ben Romdhane Habiba
- Benedics Judith
- Benet Mikhail
- Bennett James E
- Bennett James E
- Bentham James
- Bergh Ingunn Holden
- Berkinbayev Salim
- Bernabe-Ortiz Antonio
- Bernotiene Gailute
- Bettiol Heloisa
- Bezerra Jorge
- Bhagyalaxmi Aroor
- Bharadwaj Sumit
- Bhargava Santosh K
- Bhutta Zulfiqar A
- Bhutta Zulfiqar A
- Bi Hongsheng
- Bi Yufang
- Bia Daniel
- Bikbov Mukharram M
- Bista Bihungum
- Bixby Honor
- Bjelica Dusko J
- Bjerregaard Peter
- Bjertness Espen
- Bjertness Marius B
- Bjorkelund Cecilia
- Black Robert
- Bloch Katia V
- Blokstra Anneke
- Bo Simona
- Bobak Martin
- Boddy Lynne M
- Boehm Bernhard O
- Boeing Heiner
- Boggia Jose G
- Bogova Elena
- Boissonnet Carlos P
- Bojesen Stig E
- Boker Lital Keinan
- Bonaccio Marialaura
- Bongard Vanina
- Bonilla-Vargas Alice
- Bopp Matthias
- Borghs Herman
- Bovet Pascal
- Braeckevelt Lien
- Braeckman Lutgart
- Bragt Marjolijn CE
- Brajkovich Imperia
- Branca Francesco
- Braunerova Radka Taxova
- Breckenkamp Juergen
- Breda Joao
- Brenner Hermann
- Brewster Lizzy M
- Brian Garry R
- Brinduse Lacramioara
- Brophy Sinead
- Bruno Graziella
- Bueno-de-Mesquita H Bas
- Bugge Anna
- Buoncristiano Marta
- Burazeri Genc
- Burns Con
- Cacciottolo Joseph
- Cadena Leticia Hernandez
- Cai Hui
- Cama Tilema
- Cameron Christine
- Camolas Jose
- Can Gunay
- Candido Ana Paula C
- Canete Felicia
- Capanzana Mario V
- Capkova Nadezda
- Capuano Eduardo
- Capuano Vincenzo
- Cardol Marloes
- Cardoso Viviane C
- Carlsson Axel C
- Carmuega Esteban
- Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M
- Carvalho Joana
- Casajus Jose A
- Casanueva Felipe F
- Celikcan Ertugrul
- Censi Laura
- Cervantes-Loaiza Marvin
- Cesar Juraci A
- Chamukuttan Snehalatha
- Chan Angelique W
- Chan Queenie
- Chaturvedi Himanshu K
- Chaturvedi Nish
- Chen Chien-Jen
- Chen Fangfang
- Chen Huashuai
- Chen Shuohua
- Chen Zhengming
- Cheng Ching-Yu
- Cheraghian Bahman
- Chetrit Angela
- Chikova-Iscener Ekaterina
- Chinh Nguyen Huu
- Chiolero Arnaud
- Chiou Shu-Ti
- Chirita-Emandi Adela
- Chirita-Emandi Adela
- Chirlaque Maria-Dolores
- Cho Belong
- Christensen Kaare
- Christofaro Diego G
- Chudek Jerzy
- Cifkova Renata
- Cilia Michelle
- Cinteza Eliza
- Cisneros Julio Zuniga
- Claessens Frank
- Clarke Janine
- Clays Els
- Cohen Emmanuel
- Concin Hans
- Confortin Susana C
- Cooper Cyrus
- Coppinger Tara C
- Corpeleijn Eva
- Costanzo Simona
- Cottel Dominique
- Cowan Melanie J
- Cowell Chris
- Craig Cora L
- Crampin Amelia C
- Crujeiras Ana B
- Csilla Semanova
- Cucu Alexandra M
- Cui Liufu
- Cureau Felipe V
- D'Arrigo Graziella
- d'Orsi Eleonora
- da Silva Bruna Goncalves Cordeiro
- Dacica Liliana
- Dallongeville Jean
- Damasceno Albertino
- Damsgaard Camilla T
- Danaei Goodarz
- Danaei Goodarz
- Dankner Rachel
- Dantoft Thomas M
- Dasgupta Parasmani
- Dastgiri Saeed
- Dauchet Luc
- Davletov Kairat
- De Backer Guy
- De Bacquer Dirk
- de Gaetano Giovanni
- De Henauw Stefaan
- de Leon Antonio Cabrera
- de Oliveira Paula Duarte
- de Paiva Karina Mary
- De Ridder David
- De Ridder Karin
- de Rooij Susanne R
- De Smedt Delphine
- de Souza Rildo
- de Wit Tobias F Rinke
- Deepa Mohan
- Deev Alexander D
- DeGennaro Vincent
- Dehghan Abbas
- Delisle Helene
- Delpeuch Francis
- Demarest Stefaan
- Dennison Elaine
- Deren Katarzyna
- Deschamps Valerie
- Dhana Klodian
- Dhimal Meghnath
- Di Castelnuovo Augusto F
- Di Cesare Mariachiara
- Dias-da-Costa Juvenal Soares
- Diaz Alejandro
- Diaz-Sanchez Maria Elena
- Dika Zivka
- Djalalinia Shirin
- Djordjic Visnja
- Do Ha TP
- Dobson Annette J
- Donati Maria Benedetta
- Donfrancesco Chiara
- Donoso Silvana P
- Doring Angela
- Dorobantu Maria
- Dorosty Ahmad Reza
- Doua Kouamelan
- Drygas Wojciech
- Duan Jia Li
- Duante Charmaine A
- Duboz Priscilla
- Duda Rosemary B
- Duleva Vesselka
- Dulskiene Virginija
- Dumith Samuel C
- Dushpanova Anar
- Dzerve Vilnis
- Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk Elzbieta
- Eddie Ricky
- Eftekhar Ebrahim
- Egbagbe Eruke E
- Eggertsen Robert
- Eghtesad Sareh
- Eiben Gabriele
- Ekelund Ulf
- El Ati Jalila
- El-Khateeb Mohammad
- Eldemire-Shearer Denise
- Eliasen Marie
- Elliott Paul
- Engle-Stone Reina
- Enguerran Macia
- Erasmus Rajiv T
- Erbel Raimund
- Erem Cihangir
- Eriksen Louise
- Eriksson Johan G
- Escobedo-de la Pena Jorge
- Eslami Saeid
- Esmaeili Ali
- Evans Alun
- Ezzati Majid
- Faeh David
- Fakhretdinova Albina A
- Fall Caroline H
- Faramarzi Elnaz
- Farjam Mojtaba
- Farzadfar Farshad
- Fattahi Mohammad Reza
- Fawwad Asher
- Felix-Redondo Francisco J
- Ferguson Trevor S
- Fernandes Romulo A
- Fernandez-Berges Daniel
- Ferrante Daniel
- Ferrao Thomas
- Ferrari Marika
- Ferrario Marco M
- Ferreccio Catterina
- Ferrer Eldridge
- Ferrieres Jean
- Figueiro Thamara Hubler
- Fijalkowska Anna
- Fink Gunther
- Fischer Krista
- Foger Bernhard
- Foo Leng Huat
- Forsner Maria
- Fouad Heba M
- Francis Damian K
- Franco Maria do Carmo
- Franco Oscar H
- Frikke-Schmidt Ruth
- Frontera Guillermo
- Fuchs Flavio D
- Fuchs Sandra C
- Fujiati Isti I
- Fujita Yuki
- Fumihiko Matsuda
- Furusawa Takuro
- Gaciong Zbigniew
- Gafencu Mihai
- Galbarczyk Andrzej
- Galenkamp Henrike
- Galeone Daniela
- Galfo Myriam
- Galvano Fabio
- Gao Jingli
- Garba Jamila Abubakar
- Garcia-de-la-Hera Manoli
- Garcia-Solano Marta
- Gareta Dickman
- Garnett Sarah P
- Gaspoz Jean-Michel
- Gasull Magda
- Gaya Adroaldo Cesar Araujo
- Gaya Anelise Reis
- Gazzinelli Andrea
- Gehring Ulrike
- Geiger Harald
- Geleijnse Johanna M
- Ghaffar Suhaila Abdul
- Ghanbari Ali
- Ghasemi Erfan
- Gheorghe-Fronea Oana-Florentina
- Giampaoli Simona
- Gianfagna Francesco
- Gill Tiffany K
- Giovannelli Jonathan
- Gironella Glen
- Giwercman Aleksander
- Gkiouras Konstantinos
- Godos Justyna
- Gogen Sibel
- Goldsmith Rebecca A
- Goltzman David
- Gomez Santiago F
- Gomula Aleksandra
- Goncalves Helen
- Gonzalez Angel R
- Gonzalez-Chica David A
- Gonzalez-Gross Marcela
- Gonzalez-Leon Margot
- Gonzalez-Rivas Juan P
- Gonzalez-Villalpando Clicerio
- Gonzalez-Villalpando Maria-Elena
- Gottrand Frederic
- Graca Antonio Pedro
- Graff-Iversen Sidsel
- Grafnetter Dusan
- Grajda Aneta
- Grammatikopoulou Maria G
- Gregg Edward W
- Gregor Ronald D
- Grodzicki Tomasz
- Groholt Else Karin
- Grontved Anders
- Grosso Giuseppe
- Gruden Gabriella
- Gu Dongfeng
- Gualdi-Russo Emanuela
- Guallar-Castillon Pilar
- Gualtieri Andrea
- Gudmundsson Elias F
- Gudnason Vilmundur
- Guerrero Ramiro
- Guessous Idris
- Guimaraes Andre L
- Gulliford Martin C
- Gunnlaugsdottir Johanna
- Gunter Marc J
- Guo Xiu-Hua
- Guo Yin
- Gupta Prakash C
- Gupta Rajeev
- Gureje Oye
- Gurzkowska Beata
- Gutierrez Laura
- Gutierrez-Gonzalez Enrique
- Gutzwiller Felix
- Ha Seongjun
- Hadaegh Farzad
- Hadjigeorgiou Charalambos A
- Haghshenas Rosa
- Hakimi Hamid
- Halkjaer Jytte
- Hambleton Ian R
- Hamzeh Behrooz
- Hange Dominique
- Hanif Abu AM
- Hantunen Sari
- Hashemi-Shahri Seyed Mohammad
- Hassapidou Maria
- Hata Jun
- Haugsgjerd Teresa
- Hayes Alison J
- He Jiang
- He Yuan
- He Yuna
- Heidinger-Felso Regina
- Heinen Mirjam
- Hejgaard Tatjana
- Hendriks Marleen Elisabeth
- Henrique Rafael dos Santos
- Henriques Ana
- Herrala Sauli
- Herrera Victor M
- Herter-Aeberli Isabelle
- Heshmat Ramin
- Hill Allan G
- Ho Sai Yin
- Ho Suzanne C
- Hoang Van Minh
- Hobbs Michael
- Hofman Albert
- Holdsworth Michelle
- Homayounfar Reza
- Homs Clara
- Hopman Wilma M
- Horimoto Andrea RVR
- Hormiga Claudia M
- Horta Bernardo L
- Houti Leila
- Howitt Christina
- Htet Aung Soe
- Htike Maung Maung Than
- Hu Yonghua
- Huerta Jose Maria
- Huhtaniemi Ilpo Tapani
- Husseini Abdullatif
- Huybrechts Inge
- Hwalla Nahla
- Hyska Jolanda
- Iacoviello Licia
- Ibarluzea Jesus M
- Ibrahim Mohsen M
- Ikeda Nayu
- Ikram M Arfan
- Ioannidou Eliza Markidou
- Iotova Violeta
- Irazola Vilma E
- Ishida Takafumi
- Islam Muhammad
- Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
- Iurilli Maria LC
- Iwasaki Masanori
- Jackson Rod T
- Jacobs Jeremy M
- Jaddou Hashem Y
- Jafar Tazeen
- James Kenneth
- Jamil Kazi M
- Jamrozik Konrad
- Janszky Imre
- Janus Edward
- Jarani Juel
- Jarvelin Marjo-Riitta
- Jasienska Grazyna
- Jelakovic Ana
- Jelakovic Bojan
- Jennings Garry
- Jerome Charles Sossa
- Jha Anjani Kumar
- Jiang Chao Qiang
- Jimenez Ramon O
- Jockel Karl-Heinz
- Joffres Michel
- Johansson Mattias
- Jokelainen Jari J
- Jonas Jost B
- Jonsson Kenisha Russell
- Jorgensen Maja Baeksgaard
- Jorgensen Torben
- Joshi Pradeep
- Joukar Farahnaz
- Jovic Dragana P
- Jozwiak Jacek J
- Junior Wanderley
- Juolevi Anne
- Jurak Gregor
- Juresa Vesna
- Kaaks Rudolf
- Kaducu Felix O
- Kafatos Anthony
- Kajantie Eero O
- Kalmatayeva Zhanna
- Kalter-Leibovici Ofra
- Kameli Yves
- Kanala Kodanda R
- Kannan Srinivasan
- Kapantais Efthymios
- Karki Khem B
- Katibeh Marzieh
- Katz Joanne
- Katzmarzyk Peter T
- Kauhanen Jussi
- Kaur Prabhdeep
- Kavousi Maryam
- Kazakbaeva Gyulli M
- Keil Ulrich
- Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi Sirkka
- Kelishadi Roya
- Kelleher Cecily
- Kemper Han CG
- Kengne Andre P
- Kengne Andre P
- Keramati Maryam
- Kerimkulova Alina
- Kersting Mathilde
- Key Timothy
- Khader Yousef Saleh
- Khalili Davood
- Khang Young-Ho
- Khang Young-Ho
- Khanh Le Nguyen Bao
- Khaw Kay-Tee
- Kheiri Bahareh
- Kheradmand Motahareh
- Khosravi Alireza
- Khouw Ilse MSL
- Khuong Quynh Long
- Kiechl Stefan
- Kiechl-Kohlendorfer Ursula
- Killewo Japhet
- Kim Dong Wook
- Kim Hyeon Chang
- Kim Jeongseon
- Kindblom Jenny M
- Klakk Heidi
- Klimek Magdalena
- Klimont Jeannette
- Klumbiene Jurate
- Knoflach Michael
- Koirala Bhawesh
- Kolle Elin
- Kolsteren Patrick
- Konig Jurgen
- Korpelainen Raija
- Korrovits Paul
- Korzycka Magdalena
- Kos Jelena
- Koskinen Seppo
- Kouda Katsuyasu
- Kovacs Viktoria A
- Kowlessur Sudhir
- Koziel Slawomir
- Kratzer Wolfgang
- Kriemler Susi
- Kristensen Peter Lund
- Krokstad Steiner
- Kromhout Daan
- Krtalic Branimir
- Kruger Herculina S
- Kubinova Ruzena
- Kuciene Renata
- Kujala Urho M
- Kujundzic Enisa
- Kulaga Zbigniew
- Kumar R Krishna
- Kumar Rachakulla Hari
- Kunesova Marie
- Kurjata Pawel
- Kusuma Yadlapalli S
- Kuulasmaa Kari
- Kyobutungi Catherine
- Laamiri Fatima Zahra
- Laatikainen Tiina
- Lachat Carl
- Laid Youcef
- Lam Tai Hing
- Lambrinou Christina-Paulina
- Landais Edwige
- Lanska Vera
- Lappas Georg
- Larijani Bagher
- Latt Tint Swe
- Lauria Laura
- Laxmaiah Avula
- Laxmaiah Avula
- Lazo-Porras Maria
- Le Port Agnes
- Le Tuyen D
- Lee Jeannette
- Lee Jeonghee
- Lee Paul H
- Lehmann Nils
- Lehtimaki Terho
- Lele Elysee Claude Bika
- Lemogoum Daniel
- Levitt Naomi S
- Li Yanping
- Liivak Merike
- Lilly Christa L
- Lim Wei-Yen
- Lima-Costa M Fernanda
- Lin Hsien-Ho
- Lin Xu
- Lin Yi-Ting
- Lind Lars
- Linneberg Allan
- Lissner Lauren
- Litwin Mieczyslaw
- Liu Jing
- Liu Lijuan
- Lo Wei-Cheng
- Loit Helle-Mai
- Lopes Luis
- Lopes Oscar
- Lopez Tania
- Lopez-Garcia Esther
- Lotufo Paulo A
- Lozano Jose Eugenio
- Lukrafka Janice L
- Luksiene Dalia
- Lundqvist Annamari
- Lundqvist Robert
- Lunet Nuno
- Lunogelo Charles
- Lustigova Michala
- Luszczki Edyta
- Ma Guansheng
- Ma Jun
- Ma Xu
- Machado-Coelho George LL
- Machado-Rodrigues Aristides M
- Machi Suka
- Macieira Luisa M
- Madar Ahmed A
- Maggi Stefania
- Magliano Dianna J
- Magnacca Sara
- Magriplis Emmanuella
- Mahasampath Gowri
- Maire Bernard
- Majer Marjeta
- Makdisse Marcia
- Maki Paivi
- Malekzadeh Fatemeh
- Malekzadeh Reza
- Malekzadeh Reza
- Malhotra Rahul
- Malyutina Sofia K
- Maniego Lynell V
- Manios Yannis
- Mann Jim I
- Mansour-Ghanaei Fariborz
- Manzato Enzo
- Margozzini Paula
- Marina Loreto Santa
- Markaki Anastasia
- Markey Oonagh
- Marques Larissa Pruner
- Marques-Vidal Pedro
- Marrugat Jaume
- Martin Rosemarie
- Martin-Prevel Yves
- Martinez Eduardo Salazar
- Martorell Reynaldo
- Martos Eva
- Marventano Stefano
- Mascarenhas Luis P
- Masoodi Shariq R
- Mathiesen Ellisiv B
- Mathur Prashant
- Matijasevich Alicia
- Matsha Tandi E
- Mavrogianni Christina
- Mazur Artur
- Mbanya Jean Claude N
- McFarlane Shelly R
- McGarvey Stephen T
- McKee Martin
- McLachlan Stela
- McLean Rachael M
- McLean Scott B
- McNulty Breige A
- Mediene-Benchekor Sounnia
- Medzioniene Jurate
- Mehdipour Parinaz
- Mehlig Kirsten
- Mehrparvar Amir Houshang
- Meirhaeghe Aline
- Meisfjord Jorgen
- Meisinger Christa
- Menezes Ana Maria B
- Menon Geetha R
- Mensink Gert BM
- Menzano Maria Teresa
- Mereke Alibek
- Meshram Indrapal I
- Metspalu Andres
- Mi Jie
- Michaelsen Kim F
- Michels Nathalie
- Mikkel Kairit
- Milanovic Sanja Music
- Milkowska Karolina
- Miller Jody C
- Minderico Claudia S
- Mini GK
- Miquel Juan Francisco
- Miranda J Jaime
- Miranda J Jaime
- Mirjalili Mohammad Reza
- Mirkopoulou Daphne
- Mirrakhimov Erkin
- Misigoj-Durakovic Marjeta
- Mistretta Antonio
- Mocanu Veronica
- Modesti Pietro A
- Moghaddam Sahar Saeedi
- Mohajer Bahram
- Mohamed Mostafa K
- Mohamed Shukri F
- Mohammad Kazem
- Mohammadi Zahra
- Mohammadifard Noushin
- Mohammadpourhodki Reza
- Mohamud Wan Nazaimoon Wan
- Mohan Viswanathan
- Mohanna Salim
- Mohebbi Iraj
- Mohebi Farnam
- Moitry Marie
- Molbo Drude
- Mollehave Line T
- Moller Niels C
- Molnar Denes
- Momenan Amirabbas
- Mondo Charles K
- Monroy-Valle Michele
- Monterrubio-Flores Eric
- Monyeki Kotsedi Daniel K
- Moon Jin Soo
- Moon Jin Soo
- Moosazadeh Mahmood
- Moreira Leila B
- Morejon Alain
- Moreno Emma Ruiz
- Moreno Luis A
- Morgan Karen
- Morin Suzanne N
- Mortensen Erik Lykke
- Moschonis George
- Mossakowska Malgorzata
- Mostafa Aya
- Mota Jorge
- Mota-Pinto Anabela
- Motlagh Mohammad Esmaeel
- Motta Jorge
- Moura-dos-Santos Marcos Andre
- Mridha Malay K
- Msyamboza Kelias P
- Muc Magdalena
- Mueller-Nurasyid Martina
- Mugosa Boban
- Muiesan Maria L
- Mukhtorova Parvina
- Murphy Neil
- Mursu Jaakko
- Murtagh Elaine M
- Musa Kamarul Imran
- Musil Vera
- Mustafa Norlaila
- Nabipour Iraj
- Naderimagham Shohreh
- Nagel Gabriele
- Naidu Balkish M
- Najafi Farid
- Nakamura Harunobu
- Namesna Jana
- Nang Ei Ei K
- Nangia Vinay B
- Nankap Martin
- Narake Sameer
- Nardone Paola
- Nauck Matthias
- Neal William A
- Nejatizadeh Azim
- Nelis Keiu
- Nelis Liis
- Nenko Ilona
- Neovius Martin
- Nervi Flavio
- Nguyen Chung T
- Nguyen Nguyen D
- Nieto-Martinez Ramfis E
- Nikitin Yury P
- Ning Guang
- Ninomiya Toshiharu
- Nishtar Sania
- Noale Marianna
- Noboa Oscar A
- Nogueira Helena
- Norat Teresa
- Nordendahl Maria
- Nordestgaard Borge G
- Noto Davide
- Nowak-Szczepanska Natalia
- Nuhoglu Irfan
- Nurk Eha
- O'Neill Terence W
- O'Reilly Dermot
- Obreja Galina
- Ochimana Caleb
- Ochoa-Aviles Angelica M
- Oda Eiji
- Oh Kyungwon
- Ohara Kumiko
- Ohlsson Claes
- Ohtsuka Ryutaro
- Olafsson Orn
- Olinto Maria Teresa A
- Oliveira Isabel O
- Omar Mohd Azahadi
- Onat Altan
- Ong Sok King
- Ono Lariane M
- Ordunez Pedro
- Ornelas Rui
- Ortiz Ana P
- Ortiz Pedro J
- Osler Merete
- Osmond Clive
- Ostojic Sergej M
- Ostovar Afshin
- Otero Johanna A
- Overvad Kim
- Owusu-Dabo Ellis
- Paccaud Fred Michel
- Paciorek Christopher J
- Padez Cristina
- Pagkalos Ioannis
- Pahomova Elena
- Pajak Andrzej
- Palli Domenico
- Palloni Alberto
- Palmieri Luigi
- Pan Wen-Harn
- Panda-Jonas Songhomitra
- Pandey Arvind
- Panza Francesco
- Papandreou Dimitrios
- Park Soon-Woo
- Park Suyeon
- Parnell Winsome R
- Parsaeian Mahboubeh
- Pascanu Ionela M
- Pasquet Patrick
- Patel Nikhil D
- Pednekar Mangesh S
- Peer Nasheeta
- Peixoto Sergio Viana
- Peltonen Markku
- Pereira Alexandre C
- Peres Marco A
- Perez Cynthia M
- Perez-Farinos Napoleon
- Peterkova Valentina
- Peters Annette
- Petersmann Astrid
- Petkeviciene Janina
- Petrauskiene Ausra
- Petrescu Constanta Huidumac
- Pettenuzzo Emanuela
- Peykari Niloofar
- Pichardo Rafael N
- Pierannunzio Daniela
- Pigeot Iris
- Pikhart Hynek
- Pilav Aida
- Pilotto Lorenza
- Pistelli Francesco
- Pitakaka Freda
- Piwonska Aleksandra
- Pizarro Andreia N
- Plans-Rubio Pedro
- Poh Bee Koon
- Pohlabeln Hermann
- Pop Raluca M
- Popovic Stevo R
- Popovic Stevo R
- Porta Miquel
- Posch Georg
- Poudyal Anil
- Poulimeneas Dimitrios
- Pouraram Hamed
- Pourfarzi Farhad
- Pourshams Akram
- Poustchi Hossein
- Pradeepa Rajendra
- Price Alison J
- Price Jacqueline F
- Providencia Rui
- Puder Jardena J
- Pudule Iveta
- Puhakka Soile E
- Puiu Maria
- Punab Margus
- Qasrawi Radwan F
- Qorbani Mostafa
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- Radic Ivana
- Radisauskas Ricardas
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- Rahimikazerooni Salar
- Rahman Mahfuzar
- Rahman Mahmudur
- Raitakari Olli
- Raj Manu
- Rakhimova Ellina
- Rakhmatulloev Sherali
- Rakovac Ivo
- Ramachandran Ambady
- Ramke Jacqueline
- Ramos Elisabete
- Ramos Rafel
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- Rao Kodavanti Mallikharjuna
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- Rojas-Martinez Rosalba
- Rojroongwasinkul Nipa
- Romaguera Dora
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- Rosario Angelika Schaffrath
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- Rosengren Annika
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- Russo Paola
- Rust Petra
- Rutkowski Marcin
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- Sabanayagam Charumathi
- Sacchini Elena
- Sachdev Harshpal S
- Sadjadi Alireza
- Safarpour Ali Reza
- Safi Sare
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- Saidi Olfa
- Saki Nader
- Salanave Benoit
- Salmeron Diego
- Salomaa Veikko
- Salonen Jukka T
- Salvetti Massimo
- Samoutian Margarita
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- Sandjaja
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- Santos Diana A
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- Saramies Jouko L
- Sardinha Luis B
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- Schultsz Constance
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- Shayesteh Ali Akbar
- Shengelia Lela
- Shi Zumin
- Shibuya Kenji
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- Shin Dong Wook
- Shin Youchan
- Shirani Majid
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- Shrestha Namuna
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- Siani Alfonso
- Siantar Rosalynn
- Sibai Abla M
- Silva Antonio M
- Silva Diego Augusto Santos
- Simina Iulia Jurca
- Simon Mary
- Simons Judith
- Simons Leon A
- Sjoberg Agneta
- Sjostrom Michael
- Skodje Gry
- Slowikowska-Hilczer Jolanta
- Slusarczyk Przemyslaw
- Smeeth Liam
- So Hung-Kwan
- Soares Fernanda Cunha
- Sobek Grzegorz
- Sobngwi Eugene
- Sodemann Morten
- Soderberg Stefan
- Soekatri Moesijanti YE
- Soemantri Agustinus
- Sofat Reecha
- Solfrizzi Vincenzo
- Somi Mohammad Hossein
- Son Thai Pham
- Sonestedt Emily
- Song Yi
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- Sorensen Thorkild IA
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- Sorgjerd Elin P
- Soric Maroje
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- Soto-Rojas Victoria E
- Soumare Aicha
- Sovic Slavica
- Sparboe-Nilsen Bente
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- Stockl Doris
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- Stokwiszewski Jakub
- Stoyanova Ekaterina
- Stratton Gareth
- Stronks Karien
- Strufaldi Maria Wany
- Sturua Lela
- Suarez-Medina Ramon
- Suka Machi
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- Taddei Cristina
- Tai E Shyong
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- Tan Eng Joo
- Tang Xun
- Tanser Frank
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- Tello Tania
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- Trivedi Atul
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- Usupova Zhamyila
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- Van der Heyden Johan
- van der Schouw Yvonne T
- Van Herck Koen
- van Valkengoed Irene GM
- Vanderschueren Dirk
- Vanuzzo Diego
- Varbo Anette
- Varela-Moreiras Gregorio
- Varona-Perez Patricia
- Vasan Senthil K
- Vega Tomas
- Veidebaum Toomas
- Velasquez-Melendez Gustavo
- Velika Biruta
- Veronesi Giovanni
- Verschuren WM Monique
- Victora Cesar G
- Viegi Giovanni
- Viet Lucie
- Villalpando Salvador
- Vineis Paolo
- Vioque Jesus
- Virtanen Jyrki K
- Visser Marjolein
- Visvikis-Siest Sophie
- Viswanathan Bharathi
- Vladulescu Mihaela
- Vlasoff Tiina
- Vocanec Dorja
- Volzke Henry
- Voutilainen Ari
- Voutilainen Sari
- Vrijheid Martine
- Vrijkotte Tanja GM
- Vrkic Tajana Zeljkovic
- Wade Alisha N
- Wagner Aline
- Waldhor Thomas
- Walton Janette
- Wambiya Elvis OA
- Wang Ming-Dong
- Wang Ningli
- Wang Qian
- Wang Xiangjun
- Wang Ya Xing
- Wang Ying-Wei
- Wannamethee S Goya
- Wareham Nicholas
- Weber Adelheid
- Wedderkopp Niels
- Weerasekera Deepa
- Weghuber Daniel
- Wei Wenbin
- Weres Aneta
- Werner Bo
- Whincup Peter H
- Widhalm Kurt
- Widyahening Indah S
- Wiecek Andrzej
- Wilks Rainford J
- Willeit Johann
- Willeit Peter
- Williams Julianne
- Wilsgaard Tom
- Wojtyniak Bogdan
- Wong Andrew
- Wong Jyh Eiin
- Wong Norazizah Ibrahim
- Wong Tien Yin
- Wong-McClure Roy A
- Woo Jean
- Woodward Mark
- Wu Frederick C
- Wu Jianfeng
- Wu Li Juan
- Wu Shouling
- Xu Haiquan
- Xu Liang
- Yaacob Nor Azwany
- Yamborisut Uruwan
- Yan Weili
- Yang Ling
- Yang Xiaoguang
- Yang Yang
- Yardim Nazan
- Yaseri Mehdi
- Yasuharu Tabara
- Ye Xingwang
- Yiallouros Panayiotis K
- Yoosefi Moein
- Yoshihara Akihiro
- You Qi Sheng
- You San-Lin
- Younger-Coleman Novie O
- Yusof Safiah Md
- Yusoff Ahmad Faudzi
- Yusoff Muhammad Fadhli Mohd
- Zaccagni Luciana
- Zafiropulos Vassilis
- Zainuddin Ahmad A
- Zainuddin Ahmad A
- Zakavi Seyed Rasoul
- Zamani Farhad
- Zambon Sabina
- Zampelas Antonis
- Zamrazilova Hana
- Zapata Maria Elisa
- Zargar Abdul Hamid
- Zaw Ko Ko
- Zdrojewski Tomasz
- Zeng Yi
- Zhang Luxia
- Zhang Zhen-Yu
- Zhao Dong
- Zhao Ming-Hui
- Zhao Wenhua
- Zhen Shiqi
- Zheng Wei
- Zheng Yingfeng
- Zholdin Bekbolat
- Zhou Bin
- Zhou Maigeng
- Zhu Dan
- Zocalo Yanina
- Zuziak Monika
- Publication venue
- 'Elsevier BV'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2020
- Field of study
Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks
Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults
- Author
- Abbas Rezaianzadeh
- Abdonas Tamosiunas
- Abdul Basit
- Abdul Hamid Zargar
- Abdullah Alkandari
- Abdullatif Husseini
- Abhijit Sen
- Abla M Sibai
- Abu Am Hanif
- Adela Chirita-Emandi
- Adelheid Weber
- Adetoyeje Y Oyeyemi
- Adewale L Oyeyemi
- Adolfo Rubinstein
- Adoubi Kassi Anicet
- Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya
- Afshin Ostovar
- Agnes L Kadvan
- Agneta Sjöberg
- Agneta Yngve
- Agnès Le Port
- Agustinus Soemantri
- Agustín Perez-Londoño
- Ahmad A Zainuddin
- Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff
- Ahmad Reza Dorosty
- Ahmed A Madar
- Aida Pilav
- Aïcha Soumaré
- Akaninyene Otu
- Akihiro Yoshihara
- Akkumis Salhanova
- Akram Pourshams
- Ala'a Alkerwi
- Alain Morejon
- Alanna G da Silva
- Albertino Damasceno
- Alberto Barceló
- Alberto Palloni
- Albina A Fakhretdinova
- Alejandro Diaz
- Aleksander Giwercman
- Aleksandra Gomula
- Aleksandra Piwonska
- Alessandro Gialluisi
- Aletta E Schutte
- Alexander D Deev
- Alexandra M Cucu
- Alexandre C Pereira
- Alfonso Siani
- Alfonso Sousa-Poza
- Ali Ahmadi
- Ali Akbar Shayesteh
- Ali Esmaeili
- Ali Ghanbari
- Ali Reza Safarpour
- Alice Bonilla-Vargas
- Alicia Matijasevich
- Alina G Platonova
- Alina Kerimkulova
- Aline Meirhaeghe
- Aline P Batista
- Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam
- Alireza Khosravi
- Alireza Moslem
- Alireza Sadjadi
- Alisha N Wade
- Alison J Hayes
- Alison J Price
- Allan G Hill
- Allan Linneberg
- Almaz Sharman
- Altan Onat
- Aluisio Jd Barros
- Alun Evans
- Amalia De Curtis
- Amanda G Thrift
- Amanda J Cross
- Amaneh Shayanrad
- Ambady Ramachandran
- Amelia C Crampin
- Amina Barkat
- Amir Houshang Mehrparvar
- Amirabbas Momenan
- Ana Azevedo
- Ana B Crujeiras
- Ana Barradas-Pires
- Ana Carolina Mgn de Sá
- Ana D González-Alvarez
- Ana Henriques
- Ana I Rito
- Ana Jelaković
- Ana Maria B Menezes
- Ana P Ortiz
- Ana Paula C Cândido
- Anabela Mota-Pinto
- Anar Dushpanova
- Anastasia Markaki
- Anders Grøntved
- Andre L Guimaraes
- Andre P Kengne
- Andrea Gazzinelli
- Andrea Gualtieri
- Andrea Rodriguez-Martinez
- Andrea Rvr Horimoto
- Andrea Schneider
- Andrea Y Rodríguez
- Andrea Zentai
- Andreas Stang
- Andreia N Pizarro
- Andrew Kingston
- Andrew Reynolds
- Andrew Wong
- Andrzej Galbarczyk
- Andrzej Pająk
- Andrzej Więcek
- Anelise Reis Gaya
- Aneta Grajda
- Aneta Weres
- Anette Varbo
- Angel R Gonzalez
- Angela Chetrit
- Angela Döring
- Angela Spinelli
- Angelika Schaffrath Rosario
- Angelique Chan
- Angélica M Ochoa-Avilés
- Anie Marcil
- Anil Poudyal
- Anja L Madsen
- Anja Schienkiewitz
- Anna Bartosiewicz
- Anna Bugge
- Anna Fijalkowska
- Anna Jansson
- Anna V Alieva
- Annamari Lundqvist
- Anne A Bjerregaard
- Anne Chinnock
- Anne Juolevi
- Anne Taylor
- Anne Tjonneland
- Anneke Blokstra
- Annette J Dobson
- Annette Peters
- Annika Rosengren
- Anthony Kafatos
- Antonia Trichopoulou
- Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz
- Antonio Cabrera de León
- Antonio M Silva
- Antonio Mistretta
- Antonio Pedro Graça
- Antonio Prista
- Antonis Zampelas
- Antonisamy Belavendra
- Anu Mishra
- Anwar M Batieha
- Archie W Rayner
- Areti Triantafyllou
- Argyro Karakosta
- Ari Voutilainen
- Aristides M Machado-Rodrigues
- Arnaud Chiolero
- Aroor Bhagyalaxmi
- Arsalan Khaledifar
- Artur Mazur
- Arvind Pandey
- Arwa M Alshangiti
- Aryeh D Stein
- Asher Fawwad
- Attilio Rigotti
- Atul Trivedi
- Augustin F Beybey
- Augustine N Odili
- Augusto Di Castelnuovo
- Aung Soe Htet
- Ausra Petrauskiene
- Avula Laxmaiah
- Axel C Carlsson
- Aya Mostafa
- Ayman A Zayed
- Azaliia M Tuliakova
- Azhar Dyussupova
- Azim Nejatizadeh
- Azli Baharudin
- Åsa Ågren
- Badreya Al-Lahou
- Bagher Larijani
- Bahareh Kheiri
- Bahman Cheraghian
- Bakary Jallow
- Baltazar Nunes
- Barbara Heude
- Barbara Thorand
- Barry M Popkin
- Batyrbek Assembekov
- Beatriz D Schaan
- Bee Koon Poh
- Behrooz Hamzeh
- Bekbolat Zholdin
- Belgin Unal
- Belong Cho
- Ben Schöttker
- Benjamin Acosta-Cazares
- Benoit Salanave
- Benson M Kazembe
- Bente Sparboe-Nilsen
- Bernard Maire
- Bernardo L Horta
- Bernhard O Boehm
- Bert-Jan van den Born
- Bettina Bringolf-Isler
- Bharathi Viswanathan
- Bhawesh Koirala
- Bihungum Bista
- Bill Stavreski
- Bin Zhou
- Bing Zhang
- Birgit Linkohr
- Biruta Velika
- Blanca Sandra Ruiz-Betancourt
- Bo Werner
- Boban Mugoša
- Bogdan Wojtyniak
- Bojan Jelaković
- Bontha V Babu
- Boyd A Swinburn
- Börge Schmidt
- Branimir Leskošek
- Breige A McNulty
- Brian Oldenburg
- Brooklyn Fraser
- Bruna Gonçalves Cordeiro da Silva
- Buthaina M Alkhatib
- Børge G Nordestgaard
- Caleb Ochimana
- Calogero Saieva
- Calvin Ke
- Camilla T Damsgaard
- Carl Lachat
- Carla Menêses Hardman
- Carlo Maria Barbagallo
- Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Carlos O Mendivil
- Carlos P Boissonnet
- Carmen Iñiguez
- Carolina B Tarqui-Mamani
- Caroline H Fall
- Caroline Ramos de Moura Silva
- Carsten O Schmidt
- Cassiano Ricardo Rech
- Catherine Kyobutungi
- Catterina Ferreccio
- Cecilia Björkelund
- Cecily Kelleher
- Cesar G Victora
- Cézane P Reuter
- Chandini Nekkantti
- Chao Qiang Jiang
- Charalambos A Hadjigeorgiou
- Charles Agyemang
- Charles K Mondo
- Charles Lunogelo
- Charles Sossa Jérome
- Charlie Lim
- Charlotte B Ottendahl
- Charmaine A Duante
- Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Chiara Donfrancesco
- Chien-An Sun
- Chien-Jen Chen
- Ching-Yu Cheng
- Chinh Nguyen Huu
- Chinwuba Ijoma
- Chongjian Wang
- Chris Cowell
- Christa L Lilly
- Christa Meisinger
- Christian Gieger
- Christina C Dahm
- Christina Howitt
- Christina Mavrogianni
- Christine Cameron
- Christophe Tzourio
- Christopher J Paciorek
- Chung T Nguyen
- Cihangir Erem
- Claes Ohlsson
- Clara Homs
- Claudia M Hormiga
- Cláudia S Minderico
- Clicerio González-Villalpando
- Clive Osmond
- Coimbatore Subramaniam Shanthirani
- Con Burns
- Constance Schultsz
- Constanta Huidumac Petrescu
- Cora L Craig
- Correia Júnior Marco Aurélio de Valois
- Cosmin R Cojocaru
- Cristina P Padez
- Crizian G Saar
- Cynthia M Pérez
- Cyrus Cooper
- Daan Kromhout
- Dalia Luksiene
- Damaskini Valvi
- Damian K Francis
- Dan Zhu
- Daniel Bia
- Daniel Fernández-Bergés
- Daniel Ferrante
- Daniel G Vasques
- Daniel Lemogoum
- Daniel Weghuber
- Daniela Galeone
- Daniela Kállayová
- Daniela Pierannunzio
- Daniela Rodrigues
- Daphne Lai
- Daphne Mirkopoulou
- David A Gonzalez-Chica
- David De Ridder
- David Faeh
- David Goltzman
- Davide Noto
- Davood Khalili
- Deborah C Malta
- Debra S Judge
- Deena Al Asfoor
- Deepak N Amarapurkar
- Delphine De Smedt
- Demetre Labadarios
- Denise Eldemire-Shearer
- Dermot O'Reilly
- Dénes Molnár
- Diana A Santos
- Diane T Meto
- Dianna J Magliano
- Dickman Gareta
- Diego Augusto Santos Silva
- Diego G Christofaro
- Diego Salmerón
- Diego Vanuzzo
- Dimitrios Papandreou
- Dimitrios Poulimeneas
- Dimitrios Trichopoulos
- Dirk De Bacquer
- Dirk Vanderschueren
- Dominique Cottel
- Dominique Hange
- Dong Zhao
- Dongfeng Gu
- Dora Romaguera
- Doris Stöckl
- Dorja Vocanec
- Doroteia A Höfelmann
- Dusko J Bjelica
- Dušan Grafnetter
- Duygu Islek
- Dwi Hapsari Tjandrarini
- E Shyong Tai
- Ebrahim Eftekhar
- Ebrahim Ghaderi
- Eduardo Capuano
- Eduardo Salazar Martinez
- Edward F Fottrell
- Edward Janus
- Edward W Gregg
- Edwige Landais
- Edyta Łuszczki
- Eero O Kajantie
- Efthymios Kapantais
- Eha Nurk
- Ei Ei K Nang
- Eiji Oda
- Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener
- Ekaterina Stoyanova
- Elaine Dennison
- Elaine M Murtagh
- Eldridge Ferrer
- Elena Anufrieva
- Elena Bogova
- Elena Pahomova
- Elena Sacchini
- Elena V Skoblina
- Eleonora d'Orsi
- Elias F Gudmundsson
- Elin Kolle
- Elin P Sørgjerd
- Elio Riboli
- Elisabete Ramos
- Elisabetta L Romeo
- Eliza Cinteza
- Eliza Markidou Ioannidou
- Ellina M Iakupova
- Elling Bere
- Ellis Owusu-Dabo
- Ellisiv B Mathiesen
- Elnaz Faramarzi
- Els Clays
- Else Karin Grøholt
- Elvis Oa Wambiya
- Elvynna Leong
- Elysée Claude Bika Lele
- Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk
- Eman Aly
- Emanuel Zitt
- Emanuela Gualdi-Russo
- Emanuela Pettenuzzo
- Emiel Hoogendijk
- Emily B Wong
- Emily Sonestedt
- Emma Ruiz Moreno
- Emmanuel Cohen
- Emmanuella Magriplis
- Eng Joo Tan
- Enguerran Macia
- Enisa Kujundzic
- Enrique Gutiérrez González
- Enzo Manzato
- Erfan Ghasemi
- Eric Monterrubio-Flores
- Erik J Timmermans
- Erik Lykke Mortensen
- Erkin Mirrakhimov
- Ertugrul Celikcan
- Eruke E Egbagbe
- Espen Bjertness
- Esteban Carmuega
- Esther Lopez-Garcia
- Esther M González-Gil
- Ethel Santacruz
- Eugène Sobngwi
- Eunice Ugel
- Eva Corpeleijn
- Eva Gerdts
- Eva Karaglani
- Eva Martos
- Evangelia Tzala
- Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska
- Éva Kovács
- Fabian Rohner
- Fabián Méndez
- Fabio Galvano
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- Ronald D Gregor
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- Ronit Endevelt
- Ronnie George
- Rosa Haghshenas
- Rosalba Rojas-Martinez
- Rosalynn Siantar
- Rosangela L Batista
- Rosemarie Martin
- Rosie K Singleton
- Rossina G Pareja
- Rosu Maria-Magdalena
- Roy A Wong-McClure
- Roya Kelishadi
- Ruan Kruger
- Rudolf Kaaks
- Rui Ornelas
- Rui Providencia
- Rupert Ra Bourne
- Rusidah Selamat
- Ruslan D Devrishov
- Rute Santos
- Ruzena Kubinova
- Ryutaro Ohtsuka
- S Goya Wannamethee
- Sabina Zambon
- Sabine Schipf
- Sadaf G Sepanlou
- Saeed Dastgiri
- Saeed M Omar
- Saeid Eslami
- Saeid Safiri
- Safiah Md Yusof
- Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam
- Sai Yin Ho
- Sajid Soofi
- Salar Rahimikazerooni
- Salim Berkinbayev
- Salim Mohanna
- Salvador Villalpando
- Sameer Narake
- Samuel C Dumith
- San-Lin You
- Sanda M Kolo
- Sandjaja
- Sandra C Fuchs
- Sandra Colorado-Yohar
- Sania Nishtar
- Sanja Musić Milanović
- Sanja Šalaj
- Sanjay Rampal
- Sanjib K Sharma
- Santiago F Gómez
- Santosh K Bhargava
- Sara Magnacca
- Sara Schramm
- Sarah Cuschieri
- Sarah P Garnett
- Sare Safi
- Sareh Eghtesad
- Sari Hantunen
- Saskia Te Velde
- Satoko Sakata
- Sauli Herrala
- Savvas Savva
- Scott B McLean
- Semánová Csilla
- Senthil K Vasan
- Seongjun Ha
- Seppo Koskinen
- Sergej M Ostojic
- Sergio Viana Peixoto
- Seth Adu-Afarwuah
- Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-Shahri
- Seyed Morteza Shamshirgaran
- Seyed Rasoul Zakavi
- Seyed-Ali Mostafavi
- Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari
- Shahla AlDhukair
- Shaker A Alomary
- Shariq R Masoodi
- Sheena E Ramsay
- Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam
- Shelly R McFarlane
- Sherali Rakhmatulloev
- Sherilynn Madraisau
- Shina Avi
- Shiqi Zhen
- Shirin Djalalinia
- Shoaib Afzal
- Shoichiro Tsugane
- Shouling Wu
- Shu-Ti Chiou
- Shubash Ganapathy
- Shufa Du
- Shukri F Mohamed
- Shuohua Chen
- Shynar Abdrakhmanova
- Sibel Gogen
- Sigmund A Anderssen
- Silje Steinsbekk
- Silvana P Donoso
- Silvia Bel-Serrat
- Silvije Vuletić
- Simo Pone Larissa
- Simona Bo
- Simona Costanzo
- Simona Giampaoli
- Sinead Brophy
- Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi
- Slavica Sovic
- Slawomir Koziel
- Snehalatha Chamukuttan
- Sofia K Malyutina
- Soheir H Ahmed
- Sok King Ong
- Solie Puhakka
- Son Thai Pham
- Songhomitra Panda-Jonas
- Sonya V Galcheva
- Soon-Woo Park
- Sophia J Kiechl
- Sophie Visvikis-Siest
- Sounnia Mediene Benchekor
- Sousana K Papadopoulou
- Srinivasan Kannan
- Stefaan De Henauw
- Stefaan Demarest
- Stefan Adela Gabriela
- Stefan Kiechl
- Stefan Rach
- Stefan Savin
- Stefan Söderberg
- Stefania Maggi
- Stefania Toselli
- Stefano Marventano
- Steinar Krokstad
- Stephen T McGarvey
- Steve Botomba
- Stevo R Popovic
- Stig E Bojesen
- Stine Schramm
- Sudha Ramachandra Rao
- Sudhir Kowlessur
- Suhad Bahijri
- Suhaila Abdul Ghaffar
- Sumit Bharadwaj
- Suntara Klanarong
- Susana C Confortin
- Susana Sans
- Susana Vale
- Susanne Kobel
- Susanne R de Rooij
- Susi Kriemler
- Suyeon Park
- Suzanne C Ho
- Suzanne N Morin
- Svetlana Shalnova
- Sylvain Sebert
- Sylvia Alexius
- Tabara Yasuharu
- Tahir Aris
- Tai Hing Lam
- Tajana Zeljkovic Vrkic
- Takafumi Ishida
- Take Naseri
- Takuro Furusawa
- Tal Shimony
- Tamara R Santos
- Tamás Csányi
- Tamerlan Rajabov
- Tandi E Matsha
- Tania Lopez
- Tania Tello
- Tanja Gm Vrijkotte
- Tara C Coppinger
- Taru Manyanga
- Tasanee Braithwaite
- Tatjana Hejgaard
- Tatyana Slazhnyova
- Tazeen Jafar
- Terence Dwyer
- Terence W O'Neill
- Teresa Haugsgjerd
- Teresa Shamah-Levy
- Terho Lehtimäki
- Thamara Hubler Figueiró
- Thein Thein Htay
- Themistoklis Tzotzas
- Theodora Benedek
- Thet Thet Mu
- Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran
- Thirunavukkarasu Sathish
- Thomas Ferrao
- Thomas M Dantoft
- Thomas Münzel
- Thomas Waldhör
- Thor Aspelund
- Thorkild Ia Sørensen
- Tien Yin Wong
- Tiffany K Gill
- Tiina Laatikainen
- Tiina Lankila
- Tiina Vlasoff
- Tilema Cama
- Till Ittermann
- Timothy Key
- Tina Harmer Lassen
- Tint Swe Latt
- Tobias F Rinke de Wit
- Tom Wilsgaard
- Tomas Vega
- Tomasz Zdrojewski
- Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Toomas Veidebaum
- Torben Jørgensen
- Toshiharu Ninomiya
- Tran Quoc Bao
- Trevor S Ferguson
- Tuija Jääskeläinen
- Tuyen D Le
- Tze Pin Ng
- Ulf Ekelund
- Ulf Risérus
- Ulla Roggenbuck
- Ulrich Keil
- Ulrike Gehring
- Unjali P Gujral
- Urho M Kujala
- Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer
- Uruwan Yamborisut
- Vaitheeswaran Kulothungan
- Valentina Peterkova
- Valéria Regecová
- Valérie Deschamps
- Valirie N Agbor
- Valter Barbosa Filho
- Vanessa Rouzier
- Vanina Bongard
- Vasiliki Efthymiou
- Vassilis Zafiropulos
- Vayia Rarra
- Vedrana Sember
- Veikko Salomaa
- Vera Lanska
- Vera Musil
- Veronica Mocanu
- Vesna Juresa
- Vesselka L Duleva
- Victor M Herrera
- Victor Matsudo
- Victor Pf Lhoste
- Victoria E Soto-Rojas
- Victoria Farrugia Sant'Angelo
- Vijaya Lingam
- Viktoria Anna Kovacs
- Viktoriya Furdela
- Vilma E Irazola
- Vilma Kriaucioniene
- Vilmundur Gudnason
- Vilnis Dzerve
- Vinay B Nangia
- Vincent Jr DeGennaro
- Vincenzo Capuano
- Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- Violeta Iotova
- Virginija Dulskiene
- Virgílio V Ramires
- Visnja Djordjic
- Viswanathan Mohan
- Viviana Guajardo
- Viviane C Cardoso
- Vladimir Kutsenko
- Wafaie W Fawzi
- Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar
- Wan Nazaimoon Wan Mohamud
- Wei Zheng
- Wei-Cheng Lo
- Wei-Yen Lim
- Weili Yan
- Wen-Harn Pan
- Wenbin Wei
- Wendy Van Lippevelde
- Wenhua Zhao
- Wichai Aekplakorn
- Willem A Hanekom
- William A Neal
- William R Tebar
- Wilma M Hopman
- Winsome R Parnell
- Wm Monique Verschuren
- Wojciech Drygas
- Wojciech Rusek
- Wolfgang Ahrens
- Wolfgang Kratzer
- Xenophon Theodoridis
- Xiangjun Wang
- Xiaoguang Yang
- Xiaotian Liu
- Ximena Berrios Carrasola
- Xinyi Gwee
- Xiu-Hua Guo
- Xu Lin
- Xu Ma
- Xueling Sim
- Xun Tang
- Ya Xing Wang
- Yadlapalli S Kusuma
- Yajaira Briceño
- Yang Yang
- Yanhui Dong
- Yanina Zocalo
- Yanitsa V Zhecheva
- Yannis Manios
- Yanping Li
- Yemane Berhane
- Yeunsook Rho
- Yeva Movsesyan
- Yi Song
- Yi Zeng
- Yih Chung Tham
- Yiling J Cheng
- Yin Guo
- Ying-Wei Wang
- Yingfeng Zheng
- Yn-Tz Sung
- Yong Tao
- Yonghua Hu
- Yosef Farzi
- Yoto Yotov
- Youcef Laid
- Young-Ho Khang
- Yousef Saleh Khader
- Yu-Ling Yu
- Yuan He
- Yufang Bi
- Yuki Fujita
- Yulia Balanova
- Yuliya V Solovieva
- Yuna He
- Yunjiang Yu
- Yury P Nikitin
- Yves Kameli
- Yves Martin-Prevel
- Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Zahra Mohammadi
- Zbigniew Gaciong
- Zbigniew Kulaga
- Zengchang Pang
- Zhamilya Battakova
- Zhamyila Usupova
- Zhanna Kalmatayeva
- Zhen-Yu Zhang
- Zhengming Chen
- Ziad A Abdeen
- Zivka Dika
- Zlatko Fras
- Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Zulfiya Abdurrahmonova
- Zumin Shi
- Łukasz Kryst
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/03/2024
- Field of study
Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We
estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from
1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories.
Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and
weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate
trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children
and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the
individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference)
and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median).
Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in
11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed
changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and
140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of
underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and
countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior
probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse
was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of
thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a
posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%)
with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and
obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for
both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such
as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged
children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls
in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and
42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents,
the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining
underweight or thinness.
Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an
increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy
nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of
underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit
Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults
- Author
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- Abarca-Gomez L
- Abbasi-Kangevari M
- Abdeen ZA
- Abdrakhmanova S
- Abdurrahmonova Z
- Abril GL
- Abu-Rmeileh NM
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- Adam I
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- Zhou B
- Zhou M
- Zhu D
- Zimmet P
- Zins M
- Zitt E
- Zocalo Y
- Zoghlami N
- Zuziak M
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/01/2024
- Field of study
Background
Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories.
Methods
We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median).
Findings
From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness.
Interpretation
The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity.
Funding
UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union
Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- Author
- Abarca-Gómez Leandra
- Abdeen Ziad A
- Abdrakhmanova Shynar
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M
- Acosta-Cazares Benjamin
- Adams Robert J
- Aekplakorn Wichai
- Afsana Kaosar
- Afzal Shoaib
- Agdeppa Imelda A
- Aghazadeh-Attari Javad
- Aguilar-Salinas Carlos A
- Agyemang Charles
- Ahmad Mohamad Hasnan
- Ahmad Noor Ani
- Ahmadi Ali
- Ahmadi Naser
- Ahmed Soheir H
- Ahrens Wolfgang
- Aitmurzaeva Gulmira
- Ajlouni Kamel
- Al Nsour Mohannad
- Al-Hazzaa Hazzaa M
- Al-Lahou Badreya
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa
- Alarouj Monira
- AlBuhairan Fadia
- AlDhukair Shahla
- Ali Mohamed M
- Alkandari Abdullah
- Alkerwi Ala'a
- Allin Kristine
- Alvarez-Pedrerol Mar
- Aly Eman
- Amarapurkar Deepak N
- Amiri Parisa
- Amougou Norbert
- Amouyel Philippe
- Anderssen Sigmund A
- Anjana Ranjit Mohan
- Ansari-Moghaddam Alireza
- Aounallah-Skhiri Hajer
- Araújo Joana
- Ariansen Inger
- Aris Tahir
- Arku Raphael E
- Arlappa Nimmathota
- Aryal Krishna K
- Aspelund Thor
- Assah Felix K
- Assunção Maria Cecília F
- Aung May Soe
- Auvinen Juha
- Avdicová Mária
- Avi Shina
- Azevedo Ana
- Azimi-Nezhad Mohsen
- Azizi Fereidoun
- Azmin Mehrdad
- Babu Bontha V
- Baharudin Azli
- Bahijri Suhad
- Baker Jennifer L
- Balakrishna Nagalla
- Bamoshmoosh Mohamed
- Banach Maciej
- Bandosz Piotr
- Banegas José R
- Bao Tran Quoc
- Baran Joanna
- Barbagallo Carlo M
- Barceló Alberto
- Barkat Amina
- Barros Aluisio JD
- Barros Mauro Virgílio Gomes
- Basit Abdul
- Bastos Joao Luiz D
- Bata Iqbal
- Batieha Anwar M
- Batista Rosangela L
- Battakova Zhamilya
- Batyrbek Assembekov
- Baur Louise A
- Beaglehole Robert
- Bebakar Wan Mohamad Wan
- Bel-Serrat Silvia
- Belavendra Antonisamy
- Benchekor Sounnia Mediene
- Benedics Judith
- Benet Mikhail
- Bennett James E
- Bergh Ingunn Holden
- Berkinbayev Salim
- Bernabe-Ortiz Antonio
- Bernotiene Gailute
- Bettiol Heloísa
- Bezerra Jorge
- Bhagyalaxmi Aroor
- Bharadwaj Sumit
- Bhargava Santosh K
- Bhutta Zulfiqar A
- Bi Hongsheng
- Bi Yufang
- Bia Daniel
- Bikbov Mukharram M
- Bista Bihungum
- Bixby Honor
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- Bjerregaard Peter
- Bjertness Espen
- Bjertness Marius B
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- Bloch Katia V
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- Bojesen Stig E
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- Bongard Vanina
- Bonilla-Vargas Alice
- Bopp Matthias
- Borghs Herman
- Bovet Pascal
- Braeckevelt Lien
- Braeckman Lutgart
- Bragt Marjolijn CE
- Brajkovich Imperia
- Branca Francesco
- Braunerová Radka Taxová
- Breckenkamp Juergen
- Breda João
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- Brian Garry R
- Brinduse Lacramioara
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- Bugge Anna
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- Chirita-Emandi Adela
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- Chudek Jerzy
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- Laid Youcef
- Lam Tai Hing
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- Landais Edwige
- Lanska Vera
- Lappas Georg
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- Mocanu Veronica
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- Mohamed Shukri F
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- Mortensen Erik Lykke
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- Nardone Paola
- Nauck Matthias
- NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
- Neal William A
- Nejatizadeh Azim
- Nekkantti Chandini
- Nelis Keiu
- Nelis Liis
- Nenko Ilona
- Neovius Martin
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- Wang Ming-Dong
- Wang Ningli
- Wang Qian
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- Wannamethee S Goya
- Wareham Nicholas
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- Wedderkopp Niels
- Weerasekera Deepa
- Weghuber Daniel
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- Woo Jean
- Woodward Mark
- Wu Frederick C
- Wu Jianfeng
- Wu Li Juan
- Wu Shouling
- Xu Haiquan
- Xu Liang
- Yaacob Nor Azwany
- Yamborisut Uruwan
- Yan Weili
- Yang Ling
- Yang Xiaoguang
- Yang Yang
- Yardim Nazan
- Yaseri Mehdi
- Yasuharu Tabara
- Ye Xingwang
- Yiallouros Panayiotis K
- Yoosefi Moein
- Yoshihara Akihiro
- You Qi Sheng
- You San-Lin
- Younger-Coleman Novie O
- Yusoff Ahmad Faudzi
- Yusoff Muhammad Fadhli Mohd
- Zaccagni Luciana
- Zafiropulos Vassilis
- Zainuddin Ahmad A
- Zakavi Seyed Rasoul
- Zamani Farhad
- Zambon Sabina
- Zampelas Antonis
- Zamrazilová Hana
- Zapata Maria Elisa
- Zargar Abdul Hamid
- Zdrojewski Tomasz
- Zejglicova Kristyna
- Zeng Yi
- Zhang Luxia
- Zhang Zhen-Yu
- Zhao Dong
- Zhao Ming-Hui
- Zhao Wenhua
- Zhen Shiqi
- Zheng Wei
- Zheng Yingfeng
- Zholdin Bekbolat
- Zhou Bin
- Zhou Maigeng
- Zhu Dan
- Zins Marie
- Zitt Emanuel
- Zocalo Yanina
- Zuziak Monika
- Ängquist Lars
- Łuszczki Edyta
- Ševcíková Ludmila
- Publication venue
- eLife Sciences Publications
- Publication date
- 01/01/2021
- Field of study
From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions
Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults
- Author
- Aarestrup J
- Abarca-Gómez L
- Abbasi-Kangevari M
- Abdeen ZA
- Abdrakhmanova S
- Abdul Ghaffar S
- Abdul Rahim HF
- Abdurrahmonova Z
- Abu-Rmeileh NM
- Abubakar Garba J
- Acosta-Cazares B
- Adam I
- Adamczyk M
- Adams RJ
- Adu-Afarwuah S
- Aekplakorn W
- Afsana K
- Afzal S
- Agbor VN
- Agdeppa IA
- Aghazadeh-Attari J
- Aguenaou H
- Aguilar-Salinas CA
- Agyemang C
- Ahmad MH
- Ahmad NA
- Ahmadi A
- Ahmadi N
- Ahmadi N
- Ahmed I
- Ahmed SH
- Ahrens W
- Aitmurzaeva G
- Ajlouni K
- Al Asfoor D
- Al Hourani HM
- Al Qaoud NM
- Al-Hazzaa HM
- Al-Hinai H
- Al-Lahou B
- Al-Lawati JA
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- Alarouj M
- AlBuhairan F
- AlDhukair S
- Aldwairji MA
- Alexius S
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- Alomary SA
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- Amarapurkar DN
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- Łuszczki E
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- Ševčíková Ľ
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- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- Field of study
Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI 2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/images/research_banner_face_lab_290.jpgunderweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity
Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development
- Author
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- Abdeen ZA
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- Abdul Rahim HF
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- Soemantri A
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- Wild PS
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- Willeit P
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- Wirth JP
- Więcek A
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- Wu S
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- Xu H
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- Yamborisut U
- Yan W
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- Yang X
- Yang Y
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- Yasuharu T
- Yiallouros PK
- Yngve A
- Yoosefi M
- Yoshihara A
- You QS
- You S-L
- Younger-Coleman NO
- Yu Y
- Yu Y-L
- Yusof SM
- Yusoff AF
- Yusoff MFM
- Zaccagni L
- Zafiropulos V
- Zainuddin AA
- Zakavi SR
- Zamani F
- Zambon S
- Zampelas A
- Zamrazilová H
- Zapata ME
- Zargar AH
- Zaw KK
- Zayed AA
- Zdrojewski T
- Zejglicova K
- Zeng Y
- Zhang L
- Zhang Z-Y
- Zhao D
- Zhao M-H
- Zhao W
- Zhecheva YV
- Zhen S
- Zheng W
- Zheng Y
- Zholdin B
- Zhou B
- Zhou M
- Zhu D
- Zins M
- Zitt E
- Zocalo Y
- Zoghlami N
- Zuziak M
- Ängquist L
- Čapková N
- Łuszczki E
- Šalaj S
- Ševčíková Ľ
- Żegleń M
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- Field of study
AbstractOptimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.</jats:p
Il sistema di sorveglianza OKkio alla SALUTE: il ruolo della scuola primaria nella promozione di stili di vita salutari. Risultati 2008 [Surveillance system OKkio alla SALUTE: the role of primary school in the promotion of healthy life style. Results of 2008]
- Author
- Andreozzi S
- Anelli S
- Angelini P
- Arras P
- Baglio G
- Baglio G
- Binkin N
- Bucciarelli M
- Cairella G
- Caputo M
- Carletti C
- Castronuovo E
- Cattina G
- Cauzillo G
- Censi L
- Cernigliaro A
- Ciglia A
- Covarino Am
- Cristofori M
- D'Addesa D
- D'Alessandro G
- D'Amicis A
- De Lorenzo G
- Di Giacomo M
- Di Martino E
- Fersini G
- Galeone D
- Galeone D
- Galesso R
- Giacchi M
- Giaimo M
- Giostra G
- Gruppo OKkio alla SALUTE 2008
- La Rocca M
- Lamberti A
- Lazzeri G
- Mastantuono E
- Mastantuono E
- Menzano Mt
- Meucci S
- Nardone P
- Oreste P
- Pascali F
- Perra A
- Perri G
- Piffer S.
- Pomo V
- Rincorosi R
- Rizzo S
- Selvaggi Tm
- Silani Mt
- Silani Mt
- Sorrentino G
- Spinelli A
- Tagliavento G
- Tamang Me
- Teti S
- Teti S
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2010
- Field of study
In 2007 the Italian Ministry of Health/CCM promoted and funded the project "System of surveys of behavioral risks in ages 6-17", coordinated by the National Institute of Health. One of the aims of the project is the definition and implementation of a data collection system on the weight of primary school children, their eating habits, physical activity and school initiatives favoring the healthy growth of children, called "OKkio alla SALUTE". In 2008 the first survey of OKkio was conducted in 18 Italian regions. 45,590 third grade school children in 2610 classes participated. Information was collected from 2461 schools. The responses of the head teachers showed that 64% of the schools have a canteen, used by 70% of children. Only 12% of schools include the provision of a balanced mid-morning snack. Frequently there are educational activities related to physical activity and healthy eating that, in some cases, also involve the families of the children. 29% of the schools cannot guarantee two hours of physical activity as suggested by the school curriculum because of the lack or inadequacy of the gym or the structure of the timetables. The information gathered through the cooperation of school administrators, teachers and health workers, has helped to describe the major health educational activities of the school, that is confirmed to be the ideal venue for promoting healthy lifestyles in young people
Role of glutamatergic and GABAergic systems in alcoholism
- Author
- A Abi-Dargham
- A Bisaga
- A Herz
- A Rafiki
- AC Grobin
- AC Grobin
- AE Karlsen
- AG Chapman
- AK Mehta
- AL Buller
- AL Morrow
- AL Morrow
- AM Allan
- AM Young
- AN Singh
- AR Lingford-Hughes
- ATA Cheng
- AW Dunah
- B Hille
- B Moghaddam
- B Tabakoff
- B Tabakoff
- BI Gold
- BS Meldrum
- C Li
- CC Hsu
- CC Hsu
- CN Sang
- CS Rabe
- D Beracochea
- D Mantle
- D Martin
- DA Kozlowski
- DB Matthews
- DF Bu
- DJ Goebel
- DJ Laurie
- DL Anders
- DL Anders
- DL Deupree
- DL Kaufman
- DM Lovinger
- DM Lovinger
- DM Lovinger
- DM Lovinger
- DM Lovinger
- DM Lovinger
- E McGlade-McCulloh
- E Menzano
- E Roberts
- E Sanna
- E Sigel
- E Sigel
- EK Michaelis
- EK Michaelis
- EP Noble
- ER Grant
- ER Korpi
- ER Korpi
- ET Costa
- F Fadda
- F Melis
- F Petty
- FT Crews
- G Addolorato
- G Bustos
- G Colombo
- G Freund
- G Freund
- G Freund
- G Freund
- G Freund
- G Freund
- G Tsai
- G Tsai
- G Tsai
- G White
- GD Frye
- GE Hardingham
- GE Vaillant
- GJ Bennett
- GL Collingridge
- H Kruger
- H Mitsuyama
- HH Samson
- HH Sandstead
- HM Middleton
- I Nevo
- IC Kleppe
- J Bao
- J Bao
- J Mao
- J Riikonen
- Jang-Yen Wu
- JE Dildy
- JE Dildy-Mayfield
- JE Royce
- JG Rudolph
- JL Weiner
- JL Weiner
- JM Lewohl
- JM Lewohl
- JM Lewohl
- JM Wright
- JY Koh
- JY Wu
- K Gulya
- K Rimvall
- K Rimvall
- K Wirkner
- KA Grant
- KA Wafford
- KA Wafford
- Kathleen M. Davis
- KD Kuppenbender
- KJ Buck
- KM Davis
- KN Kumar
- L Chen
- LA Raymond
- LD Loopuijt
- LD Snell
- LD Snell
- LD Snell
- LE Rabow
- LG Aguayo
- LJ Chandler
- LL Devaud
- LP Miller
- M Diana
- M Ebadi
- M Isokawa
- M Kumari
- M Li
- M Morari
- M Mortensen
- MC Mhatre
- MD Browning
- MG Erlander
- MG Erlander
- MH Brilliant
- MJ Courtney
- MK Ticku
- MK Ticku
- ML Verhagen
- ML Zeise
- MS Brodie
- MS Cowen
- MS Levine
- MT Lima-Landman
- MW Salter
- N Bowery
- N Chen
- N Kojima
- N Laprade
- N Laprade
- NJ Leidenheimer
- NP Franks
- NP Murphy
- NS Ningaraj
- O Jensen
- P Dutar
- P Follesa
- P Meoni
- P Montpied
- P Paolette
- P Seeman
- P Valverius
- PD Suzdak
- PH Seeburg
- PK Eide
- PL Hoffman
- PL Hoffman
- PL Hoffman
- PL Hoffman
- PL Hoffman
- PL Hoffman
- PL Hoffman
- PR Dodd
- Q Zhou
- QS Yan
- R Ciccocioppo
- R Dingledine
- R Roivainen
- R Somogyi
- RA Harris
- RA Morrisett
- RA Morrisett
- RL Macdonald
- RL Popp
- RS Westphal
- RT Wagey
- RW Olsen
- RW Olsen
- RW Peoples
- S Carboni
- S Liljequist
- S Strack
- SA Lipton
- SA Shefner
- SB Kombian
- SC Pandey
- SG Madamba
- SJ Slater
- SL Swope
- SN Nagendra
- T Ardent
- T Hunter
- T Ishii
- T Kuner
- T Priestley
- T Tezuka
- TH Svensson
- TPJ Laine
- U Heresco-Levy
- W Sieghart
- X Chen
- X Chen
- XJ Hu
- XJ Wang
- XM Yu
- Y Ben-Ari
- Y Kitamura
- Z Nie
- ZG Xiong
- ZI Bashir
- ZL Rossetti
- ZL Rossetti
- Publication venue
- 'Springer Science and Business Media LLC'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults
- Author
- (NCD-RisC)* NCD Risk Factor Collaboration
- Aarestrup Julie
- Abarca-Gómez Leandra
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abdeen Ziad A
- Abdrakhmanova Shynar
- Abdul Ghaffar Suhaila
- Abdul Rahim Hanan F
- Abdurrahmonova Zulfiya
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen M
- Abubakar Garba Jamila
- Acosta-Cazares Benjamin
- Adam Ishag
- Adamczyk Marzena
- Adams Robert J
- Adu-Afarwuah Seth
- Aekplakorn Wichai
- Afsana Kaosar
- Afzal Shoaib
- Agbor Valirie N
- Agdeppa Imelda A
- Aghazadeh-Attari Javad
- Aguenaou Hassan
- Aguilar-Salinas Carlos A
- Agyemang Charles
- Ahmad Mohamad Hasnan
- Ahmad Noor Ani
- Ahmadi Ali
- Ahmadi Naser
- Ahmadi Nastaran
- Ahmed Imran
- Ahmed Soheir H
- Ahrens Wolfgang
- Aitmurzaeva Gulmira
- Ajlouni Kamel
- Al Asfoor Deena
- Al Hourani Huda M
- Al Qaoud Nawal M
- Al-Hazzaa Hazzaa M
- Al-Hinai Halima
- Al-Lahou Badreya
- Al-Lawati Jawad A
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa
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- Suebsamran Phalakorn
- Sugiyama Mindy
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- Takuro Furusawa
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- Tammesoo Mari-Liis
- Tamosiunas Abdonas
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- Wanderley Júnior Rildo de Souza
- Wang Chongjian
- Wang Huijun
- Wang Limin
- Wang Ming-Dong
- Wang Ningli
- Wang Qian
- Wang Xiangjun
- Wang Ya Xing
- Wang Ying-Wei
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- Wareham Nicholas
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- Wedderkopp Niels
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- Wojtyniak Bogdan
- Woldeyohannes Meseret
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- Wu Li Juan
- Wu Shouling
- Wyszyńska Justyna
- Xu Haiquan
- Xu Liang
- Yaacob Nor Azwany
- Yamborisut Uruwan
- Yan Li
- Yan Weili
- Yang Ling
- Yang Xiaoguang
- Yang Yang
- Yardim Nazan
- Yasuharu Tabara
- Yiallouros Panayiotis K
- Yngve Agneta
- Yoosefi Moein
- Yoshihara Akihiro
- Yotov Yoto
- You Qi Sheng
- You San-Lin
- Younger-Coleman Novie O
- Yu Yu-Ling
- Yu Yunjiang
- Yusof Safiah Md
- Yusoff Ahmad Faudzi
- Yépez García Martha
- Zaccagni Luciana
- Zafiropulos Vassilis
- Zainuddin Ahmad A
- Zakavi Seyed Rasoul
- Zamani Farhad
- Zambon Sabina
- Zampelas Antonis
- Zamrazilová Hana
- Zapata Maria Elisa
- Zargar Abdul Hamid
- Zaw Ko Ko
- Zayed Ayman A
- Zdrojewski Tomasz
- Zejglicova Kristyna
- Zeljkovic Vrkic Tajana
- Zeng Yi
- Zentai Andrea
- Zhang Bing
- Zhang Luxia
- Zhang Zhen-Yu
- Zhao Dong
- Zhao Ming-Hui
- Zhao Wenhua
- Zhecheva Yanitsa V
- Zhen Shiqi
- Zheng Wei
- Zheng Yingfeng
- Zholdin Bekbolat
- Zhou Bin
- Zhou Maigeng
- Zhu Dan
- Zimmet Paul
- Zins Marie
- Zitt Emanuel
- Zocalo Yanina
- Zoghlami Nada
- Zuziak Monika
- Zuñiga Cisneros Julio
- Ängquist Lars
- Ågren Åsa
- Čapková Naděžda
- Łuszczki Edyta
- Šalaj Sanja
- Ševčíková Ľudmila
- Żegleń Magdalena
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2024
- Field of study
Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5-19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union
Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight
- Author
- Abbas Dehghan (174878)
- Abbas Rezaianzadeh (4401220)
- Abdonas Tamosiunas (64549)
- Abdul Basit (174463)
- Abdul Hamid Zargar (10282958)
- Abdullah Alkandari (5327126)
- Abdullatif Husseini (506385)
- Abhijit Sen (47513)
- Abla M Sibai (9022573)
- Abu AM Hanif (10281725)
- Adela Chirita-Emandi (746896)
- Adelheid Weber (3587942)
- Adolfo Rubinstein (308007)
- Adrian Richter (3454124)
- Adroaldo Cesar Araujo Gaya (10281626)
- Afshin Ostovar (8150169)
- Agneta Sjöberg (10282637)
- Agnès Le Port (111550)
- Agustinus Soemantri (10282655)
- Ahmad A Zainuddin (10282946)
- Ahmad Faudzi Yusoff (10282937)
- Ahmad Reza Dorosty (10281494)
- Ahmed A Madar (10282028)
- Aida Pilav (10282391)
- Akihiro Yoshihara (10282925)
- Akram Pourshams (63963)
- Ala'a Alkerwi (530140)
- Alain Morejon (10282190)
- Albertino Damasceno (4653004)
- Alberto Barceló (10281236)
- Alberto Palloni (231836)
- Albina A Fakhretdinova (10281551)
- Alejandro Diaz (613691)
- Aleksander Giwercman (16944)
- Aleksandra Gomula (7239503)
- Aleksandra Piwonska (6182972)
- Aletta E Schutte (10282580)
- Alexander D Deev (10281464)
- Alexandra M Cucu (10281431)
- Alexandre C Pereira (10282373)
- Alfonso Siani (298757)
- Ali Ahmadi (3607730)
- Ali Akbar Shayesteh (8593080)
- Ali Esmaeili (10281548)
- Ali Ghanbari (10281632)
- Ali Reza Safarpour (8871008)
- Alibek Mereke (9714920)
- Alice Bonilla-Vargas (10281320)
- Alicia Matijasevich (650781)
- Alina Kerimkulova (10281902)
- Aline Meirhaeghe (198696)
- Aline Wagner (584931)
- Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam (9714485)
- Alireza Khosravi (7307901)
- Alireza Sadjadi (464366)
- Alisha N Wade (10282862)
- Alison J Hayes (10281125)
- Alison J Price (10282424)
- Allan G Hill (10281761)
- Allan Linneberg (139773)
- Altan Onat (597757)
- Aluisio JD Barros (10281239)
- Alun Evans (147962)
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- Tazeen Jafar (3418034)
- Terence W O'Neill (10282301)
- Teresa Haugsgjerd (10281737)
- Teresa Norat (115138)
- Teresa Shamah-Levy (5452193)
- Terho Lehtimäki (49739)
- Thamara Hubler Figueiró (10281581)
- Thein Thein Htay (10281785)
- Themistoklis Tzotzas (3700387)
- Thet Thet Mu (10282214)
- Thi Tuyet-Hanh Tran (10282778)
- Thirunavukkarasu Sathish (4100035)
- Thomas Ferrao (10281572)
- Thomas M Dantoft (10281452)
- Thomas Waldhör (113209)
- Thor Aspelund (103668)
- Thorkild IA Sørensen (10282661)
- Tien Yin Wong (6873233)
- Tiffany K Gill (8383653)
- Tiina Laatikainen (149910)
- Tiina Vlasoff (10282853)
- Tilema Cama (10281347)
- Timothy Key (227388)
- Tint Swe Latt (5806668)
- Tobias F Rinke de Wit (10282475)
- Tom Wilsgaard (321883)
- Tomas Vega (10282838)
- Tomasz Grodzicki (3130218)
- Tomasz Zdrojewski (665197)
- Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen (68124)
- Toomas Veidebaum (298776)
- Torben Jørgensen (154033)
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- Trevor S Ferguson (8898083)
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- Ulf Ekelund (115075)
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- Ulrike Gehring (60418)
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- Ursula Kiechl-Kohlendorfer (3396713)
- Uruwan Yamborisut (10282913)
- Valentina Peterkova (5165093)
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- Valérie Deschamps (3763966)
- Vanina Bongard (431764)
- Vassilis Zafiropulos (10282943)
- Vayia Rarra (10282454)
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- Veikko Salomaa (62543)
- Vera Lanska (9955163)
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- Vincenzo Capuano (10281365)
- Vincenzo Solfrizzi (577050)
- Violeta Iotova (704667)
- Virginija Dulskiene (10281512)
- Visnja Djordjic (10281482)
- Viswanathan Mohan (239503)
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- Wan Mohamad Wan Bebakar (10282868)
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- Wolfgang Ahrens (162215)
- Wolfgang Kratzer (802568)
- Xenophon Theodoridis (7005641)
- Xiangjun Wang (2522917)
- Xiaoguang Yang (285522)
- Xingwang Ye (36035)
- Xiu-Hua Guo (5700722)
- Xu Lin (36043)
- Xu Ma (45624)
- Xun Tang (79999)
- Ya Xing Wang (10282877)
- Yadlapalli S Kusuma (10281962)
- Yang Yang (45629)
- Yanina Zocalo (10282973)
- Yannis Manios (15027)
- Yanping Li (90163)
- Yi Song (105202)
- Yi Zeng (20895)
- Yi-Ting Lin (173110)
- Yih Chung Tham (4429729)
- Yin Guo (113948)
- Ying-Wei Wang (534246)
- Yingfeng Zheng (44696)
- Yn-Tz Sung (10282712)
- Yong Tao (17333)
- Yonghua Hu (80000)
- Youcef Laid (468248)
- Young-Ho Khang (553760)
- Yousef Saleh Khader (8383254)
- Yuan He (82781)
- Yufang Bi (212653)
- Yuki Fujita (330873)
- Yuna He (423834)
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- Yves Martin-Prevel (197039)
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- Zahra Mohammadi (2376376)
- Zbigniew Gaciong (88440)
- Zbigniew Kulaga (704671)
- Zhamilya Battakova (10281257)
- Zhamyila Usupova (10282808)
- Zhanna Kalmatayeva (10281866)
- Zhen-Yu Zhang (458621)
- Zhengming Chen (385056)
- Ziad A Abdeen (10281140)
- Zivka Dika (10281479)
- Zulfiqar A Bhutta (8051936)
- Zumin Shi (287671)
- Örn Olafsson (10282322)
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 09/03/2021
- Field of study
From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions