Design-Based Research in CALL

The purpose of this volume is to expand and refine our understanding of the use of design-based research (DBR) in CALL by contributing to the growing body of literature in this area. We have tried our best to strike a balance between theoretical considerations and concrete examples of DBR. The first section of this volume focuses on theoretical perspectives and ideas that can inform the use of DBR in CALL. The second section contains studies that illustrate DBR through concrete instances of its operationalization. We hope this volume will be a useful source of information and inspiration for those considering to further explore DBR in CALL. For updates on DBR in CALL, please visit the companion site to this volume: https://sites.google.com/site/designbasedresearch/https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/language_books/1006/thumbnail.jp

Population Genetic Analysis Infers Migration Pathways of Phytophthora ramorum in US Nurseries

Recently introduced, exotic plant pathogens may exhibit low genetic diversity and be limited to clonal reproduction. However, rapidly mutating molecular markers such as microsatellites can reveal genetic variation within these populations and be used to model putative migration patterns. Phytophthora ramorum is the exotic pathogen, discovered in the late 1990s, that is responsible for sudden oak death in California forests and ramorum blight of common ornamentals. The nursery trade has moved this pathogen from source populations on the West Coast to locations across the United States, thus risking introduction to other native forests. We examined the genetic diversity of P. ramorum in United States nurseries by microsatellite genotyping 279 isolates collected from 19 states between 2004 and 2007. Of the three known P. ramorum clonal lineages, the most common and genetically diverse lineage in the sample was NA1. Two eastward migration pathways were revealed in the clustering of NA1 isolates into two groups, one containing isolates from Connecticut, Oregon, and Washington and the other isolates from California and the remaining states. This finding is consistent with trace forward analyses conducted by the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. At the same time, genetic diversities in several states equaled those observed in California, Oregon, and Washington and two-thirds of multilocus genotypes exhibited limited geographic distributions, indicating that mutation was common during or subsequent to migration. Together, these data suggest that migration, rapid mutation, and genetic drift all play a role in structuring the genetic diversity of P. ramorum in US nurseries. This work demonstrates that fast-evolving genetic markers can be used to examine the evolutionary processes acting on recently introduced pathogens and to infer their putative migration patterns, thus showing promise for the application of forensics to plant pathogens

Impact of secondary metabolites and primary reproductive mode on \u3ci\u3eParmotrema\u3c/i\u3e distribution in the Southeastern United States

Lichens are organisms resulting from fungal and algal symbioses that produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites which serve a variety of biological functions). It is postulated that presence of certain secondary metabolites has an impact on lichen distribution . Some lichen species utilize apothecia for sexual reproduction, while others primarily use lichenized asexual propagules . We hypothesized that distribution of a Parmotrema species would increase based on two separate factors: the number of secondary metabolites a species produces and the number of apotheciate individuals within a species. Using the digital herbarium we observed and recorded the presence or absence of apothecia as well as the number of secondary metabolites for 11 species that occur within the Eastern United States. Linear regression data analysis was conducted, which indicated that there was no significant correlation between the number of secondary metabolites produced by a species and species density (p = 0.432). We did find a significant positive correlative relationship between the percent of specimens with apothecia for a given species and that species\u27 density (p = 0.023) with 66.2% of density attributed to apothecial frequency in observed herbarium specimens. To further investigate our hypothesis three primarily apotheciate species were added to our study. This larger data set indicated that there is no significant correlation between total species distribution and the primary reproductive mode with a Student\u27s t-Test finding no significant correlation (p = 0.379)

Social sustainability in eco-urban neighbourhoods:Revisiting the Nordic model

This chapter explores the interpretation and implementation of social sustainability principles into the design and development of new neighbourhoods using the case studies of Rieselfeld in Freiburg, Germany, and Polvoranca in Madrid, Spain. Through the implementation of community infrastructure and urban design features to facilitate social interaction, as well as a mix of housing styles and tenures to create a population mix reflective of the wider community, these neighbourhoods appear to embrace the traditional notion of the geographical or “place” community. However, the relevance of the neighbourhood as a meaningful contemporary social entity has become less clear in recent years, because of the restructuring of lifestyle patterns and social relations over space, as a result of advances in transport and communications technology. Furthermore, urban development patterns have increasingly come to reinforce distance intensity through the separation of residential development from other urban functions and land uses, in both car-oriented suburban development and transit-oriented development (TOD) models

Primary culture of trigeminal satellite glial cells:a cell-based platform to study morphology and function of peripheral glia

Primary cell culture provides an experimental platform in which morphology, physiology, and cell-cell communication pathways can be studied under a well-controlled environment. Primary cell cultures of peripheral and central glia offer unique possibilities to clarify responses and pathways to different stimuli. Peripheral glia, satellite glial cells (SGCs), which surround neuronal cell bodies within sensory ganglia, have recently been known as key players in inflammation and neuronal sensitization. The objectives of this study were 1) to establish a cell-based platform of cultured trigeminal SGCs to study glial marker expression and functions under control conditions; 2) to validate the cell-based platform by prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) release response following administration of Cisplatin; and 3) to investigate inhibition of PGE(2) release by glial modulators, Ibudilast and SKF(86002). Primary cell cultures of SGCs from rat trigeminal ganglia were established following enzymatically and mechanically dissociation of the ganglia. Cultures were characterized in vitro for up to 21 days post isolation for morphological and immunocytochemical characteristics. PGE(2) release, determined by ELISA, was used as a pro-inflammatory marker to characterize SGCs response to chemotherapeutic agent, Cisplatin, known to contribute in chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Our results indicate that 1) isolated SGCs maintained their characteristics in vitro for up to 21 days; 2) Cisplatin enhanced PGE(2) release from the SGCs, which was attenuated by Ibudilast and SKF(86002). These findings confirm the utility and validity of the cultured trigeminal SGCs platform for glial activation and modulation; and suggest further investigation on Ibudilast and SKF(86002) in prevention of chemotherapy-induced pain

Identification of new polymorphic microsatellite markers in the NA1 and NA2 lineages of Phytophthora ramorum

Phytophthora ramorum is a recently introduced pathogen in Europe and North America consisting of three clonal lineages. Due to the very limited intra-lineage genetic variation, only a few polymorphic markers are available for use in studies involving the epidemiology and evolution of P. ramorum. A total of 159 primer pairs for candidate polymorphic SSR loci were tested with universal labeling. Four polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified within the NA1 lineage and one within the NA2 lineage, demonstrating the power and flexibility of the screening technique. The markers may significantly increase the number of genotypes that can be identified, and as such can help better characterize the North American lineages of P. ramorum

Phytophthora ramorum in Canada: evidence for migration within North America and from Europe

Phytophthora ramorum, the cause of sudden oak death on oaks and ramorum blight on woody ornamentals, has been reported in ornamental nurseries on the West Coast of North America from British Columbia to California. Long distance migration of P. ramorum has occurred via the nursery trade, and shipments of host plants are known to have crossed the United States-Canadian border. We investigated the genotypic diversity of P. ramorum in Canadian nurseries and compared the Canadian population to US and European nursery isolates for evidence of migration among populations. All three of the P. ramorum clonal lineages were found in Canada, but unexpectedly the most common was the NA2 lineage. The NA1 clonal lineage, which has been the most common lineage in US nurseries, was found relatively infrequently in Canada and these isolates may have been the result of migration from the US to Canada. The EU1 lineage was observed almost every year and shared multilocus genotypes with isolates from Europe and the US. Estimation of migration rates between Europe and North America indicated that migration was higher from Europe to North America than vice versa, and that unidirectional migration from Europe to North America was more likely than bidirectional migration