Australian carbon biosequestration and bioenergy policy co-evolution: mechanisms, mitigation and convergence

The intricacies of international land-use change and forestry policy reflect the temporal, technical and political difficulty of integrating biological systems and climate change mitigation. The plethora of co-existing policies with varied technical rules, accreditation requirements, accounting methods, market registries, etc., disguise the unequal efficacies of each mechanism. This work explores the co-evolution and convergence of Australian voluntary and mandatory climate-related policies at the biosequestration-bioenergy interface. Currently, there are temporal differences between the fast-evolving and precise climate-change mechanisms, and the long-term 'permanence' sought from land use changes encouraged by biosequestration instruments. Policy convergence that favours the most efficient, appropriate and scientifically substantiated policy mechanisms is required. These policies must recognise the fundamental biological foundation of biosequestration, bioenergy, biomaterial industrial development and other areas such as food security and environmental concerns. Policy mechanisms that provide administrative simplicity, project longevity and market certainty are necessary for rural and regional Australians to cost-effectively harness the considerable climate change mitigation potential of biological systems

Diverse, remote and innovative - Prospects for a globally unique electricity network and market in Western Australia

WA’s electricity industry supply infrastructure comprises the South West Inter-connected System (SWIS), the North West Interconnected System (NWIS) and 29 regional non-interconnected power systems 1. WA exhibits a diversity of generation systems located in some of the most isolated regions of Australia, supplying a wide range of energy demand profiles. These characteristics and the unique networks that comprises WA’s electricity infrastructure makes WA a unique place to research, develop and integrate new technical options within a world-class industrialised electricity system

Diverse, remote and innovative - Prospects for a globally unique electricity network and market in Western Australia

WA’s electricity industry supply infrastructure comprises the South West Inter-connected System (SWIS), the North West Interconnected System (NWIS) and 29 regional noninterconnected power systems 1. WA exhibits a diversity of generation systems located in some of the most isolated regions of Australia, supplying a wide range of energy demand profiles. These characteristics and the unique networks that comprises WA’s electricity infrastructure makes WA a unique place to research, develop and integrate new technical options within a world-class industrialised electricity system

A technical, economic, and greenhouse gas emission analysis of a homestead-scale grid-connected and stand-alone photovoltaic and diesel systems, against electricity network extension

This research compares two generation components in grid-connected and stand-alone power supply (SPS) systems (6 kWp solar photovoltaic array, and a 6 kWp diesel generator), separately supplying a homestead's electricity load (12 kWh day-1 average, 10 kWp), against a 2 km underground electricity distribution line extension. The technical simulation intervals (15 min) included realistic peak demand and generation component outputs, based on actual load data collected from an existing homestead and local meteorological data in the southwest of Western Australia. The separate emission and economic calculations incorporated technical simulation data, were based on emission factors for the region, used 2010 market prices for capital and operational costs, all projected over 15 years. The economic model included an 8% real discount rate, and several assumptions customised for each scenario. The results suggest small-scale distributed electricity generation systems are currently unattractive economically when compared to medium distance network extension, and increased the cost of electricity for private individuals (or governments if subsidised) with small mitigation benefits. The scenario results and discussions illuminate the specific economic barriers for small-scale photovoltaic components in both stand-alone and grid-connected systems in areas proximal to electricity distribution networks in regional Western Australia

Small-scale (≤6 kWe) stand-alone and grid-connected photovoltaic, wind, hydroelectric, biodiesel, and wood gasification system's simulated technical, economic, and mitigation analyses for rural regions in Western Australia

This research develops models and simulations of technical performance, net emission reductions, and discounted market values of thirteen small-scale (≤6 kWe) renewable energy projects. The research uses a simple methodology suitable for small private entities and governments to compare alternative investment options for both climate change mitigation and adaptation in the southwest of Western Australia. The system simulation and modelling results indicate that privately-owned, small-scale, grid-connected renewable energy systems were not competitive options for private entities relative to sourcing electricity from electricity networks, despite subsidies. The total discounted capital and operating costs, combined with the minimal mitigation potentials of the small-scale renewable energy systems resulted in unnecessarily high electricity costs and equivalent carbon prices, relative to grid-connection and large-scale clean energy systems. In contrast, this research suggests that small-scale renewable energy systems are cost-effective for both private entities and governments and exhibit good mitigation potentials when installed in remote locations far from the electricity network, mostly displacing diesel capacity

A rural bioeconomic strategy to redefine primary production systems within the Australian innovation system: Productivity, management, and impact of climate change

This chapter explores components of a rural research, development, and extension strategy that amalgamates the primary industries with a larger class of broad-spectrum biological science and technological capability in Australia. Innovative enabling biotechnologies are likely to continue to alter approaches to tackling regionally-specific problems that link non-biological and biological resource use and production efficiency, including climate change. Such linkages will require a diverse scientific capability derived from research fields of science and technology currently external to conventional primary industry capabilities. However, capturing potential benefits of transformational technologies requires a progressive approach to investments in higher education, business, and government. This chapter asserts three crucial non-exclusive investment drivers are receiving insufficient consideration in the rural research, development, and extension in what is termed the "rural bioeconomy": human collaborative knowledge, sustainable production capability, and, cross sectoral transformational science and policy. Discussed are some policy and institutional options to assist convergence of these three non-exclusive drivers to enhance collaborative capabilities in a rural context

Technical and governance considerations for Advanced Metering Infrastructure/smart meters: technology, security, uncertainty, costs, benefits, and risks

The fundamental role of policymakers when considering Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), or 'smart meters for energy and water infrastructure is to investigate a broad range of complex interrelated issues. These include alternative technical and non-technical options and deployment needs, the cost and benefits of the infrastructure (risks and mitigation measures), and the impact of a number of stakeholders: consumers, distributors, retailers, competitive market operators, competing technology companies, etc. The scale and number of potential variables in the AMI space is an almost unprecedented challenge to policymakers, with the anticipation of new ancillary products and services, associated market contestability, related regulatory and policy amendments, and the adequacy of consumer protection, education, and safety considerations requiring utmost due-diligence. Embarking on AMI investment entails significant technical, implementation, and strategic risk for governments and administering bodies, and an active effort is required to ensure AMI governance and planning maximises the potential benefits, and minimise uncertainties, costs, and risks to stakeholders. This work seeks to clarify AMI fundamentals and discusses the technical and related governance considerations from a dispassionate perspective, yet acknowledges many stakeholders tend to dichotomise debate, and obfuscate both advantages and benefits, and the converse

Brief: Bread and stones: Co-investing in mining and agriculture in Africa

There is a resurgence of interest in Africa’s one billion people as an emerging market, and the local landscape’s enormous natural endowment of suitable agro-ecological land, water, resources, labour, energy, and minerals..

Too good to waste: Creating biochar from cleared vegetation as a soil improver and carbon sink

Road construction has a considerable carbon footprint and is likely to be impacted significantly by international and national responses to climate change. Although avoidance of carbon emissions during the design and construction phases is preferred, it is inevitable that some carbon emissions will result in large projects, due to the carbon intensive nature of road construction. Typical offset projects have focused around the biosequestration of carbon, including large-scale tree planting. Whilst tree planting projects achieve broader benefits from reafforestation, concerns surrounding the biodiversity value of largely monoculture, agro-forestry projects are adding to traditional criticisms such as the measurability and permanency. Concerns over tree planting as an approach to offsetting have paved the way for consideration of other biological methods for carbon sequestration that are better able to respond to tests of measurability and permanency and attempt to preserve the biodiversity value of cleared land. Biochar, charcoalised woody biomass, is a soil improver, which is being investigated globally due to its potential to store carbon in the soil for extremely long time periods. On-site production of biochar using cleared vegetation is an approach to carbon offsetting that allows for both the sequestration of carbon in the soil and enhances revegetation activities in the road reserve. Low technology approaches are practical, using existing road construction equipment to dig pits in which the vegetation is slowly carbonised through low oxygen combustion. High technology but portable approaches for on-site generation using modern biomass to energy conversion technologies (pyrolysis and gasification) are also possible and able to produce biochar and renewable fuels, which can be used in a number of conventional generation technologies such as internal combustion engines and turbines. Roadside vegetation used in modern biomass pyrolysis technologies has the potential to produce around 30 kg of carbon sequestration for each gigajoule of renewable fuel produced. Biochar may sequester up to 50 per cent of the carbon in the original vegetation, having the potential to become an important part of future revegetation activities in road construction This paper will discuss several approaches to onsite biochar production from road vegetation, in particular a recent trial from Western Australia and the opportunities for reducing carbon emissions and the sequestration of carbon that would otherwise be burnt or left to rapidly decay as chipped or mulched material

Waste rice husk continuous carbonizers for carbon sequestration and energy in rural Philippine Regions

This chapter describes a process for eliminating the current practice of dumping unwanted rice production waste, and uncontrolled burning of wastes in the field. Widescale rice husk conversion systems remain constrained by limited regionally-specific agronomic research on the efficacy of the resultant carbonised waste biochar on rice yields, fertilizer use efficiency, and stable carbon fractions for reliable and safe soil carbon biosequestration practices, as well as the economic incentives for farmers to integrate waste conversion technologies into rice farms. In this study a carbonizer technology was developed and applied to the rice production systems currently used in rural areas of the Philippines. The carbonizer prototypes were fabricated at the Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) machine shop in Muñoz Science City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, and used similar manufacturing techniques commonly used in the local machine shops, i.e., with locally available equipments, skills, and parts. Results from the second refined prototype demonstrated a processing capacity of up to 40 kg hr-1 of rice husk into biochar, with around 40% in biochar yield (by mass), and a biochar purity of approximately 99%. The refined prototype has a smokeless chimney emission during operation and carbon monoxide emissions were greatly reduced (431 ppm). The carbonizer enables waste heat extraction using exchangers or microboilers, with heat produced during combustion available as additional source of energy to partially replace kerosene and firewood currently used. This additional energy source from the use of agriculture waste in carbonizers can play a vital role in protecting the forests in rural Philippines, whereas population growth and current practices (kerosene and firewood from unmanaged forests) are drivers to illegal deforestation. The adoption of carbonizers can increase carbon sequestration by decreasing firewood demand and avoiding deforestation, (a REDD activity), and the application of biochar for fertilizer further reducing net emissions in the region through soil carbon storage. By increasing aboveground and belowground carbon stocks in the agro-ecosystem, carbonizers can be used strategically for sustainable resource management and as a important tool for reducing emissions as an effective and practical climate change mitigation strategy