Continued Field Evaluation of Precutting for Maintaining Asphalt Concrete Pavements with Thermal Cracking

In continuation of a previously completed project entitled Evaluate Presawn Transverse Thermal Cracks for Asphalt Concrete Pavement, this project was a further effort to understand important variables in the thermal cracking process through continued field monitoring of three precutting test sites in Interior Alaska. The test sites included (1) Phillips Field Road, precut in 1984 (≈ west ¼ mile of this road), (2) Richardson Highway precut in 2012 (≈ MP 343–344), and (3) Parks Highway precut in 2014 (≈ MP 245–252). Preliminary results at relatively short periods (up to 4 years) indicate that precutting is an economically promising way to control natural thermal cracks. Even short-term economic benefits appear to range between about 2% and 21%. The degree to which precutting works for an AC pavement appears to be a function of the thickness and general structural robustness of new construction. Shorter precut spacing, along with stronger and/or thicker pavement structures, looks promising with respect to crack control. Continuing evaluation and monitoring of test sections are needed to recommend an effective design methodology and construction practice for Alaska and cold areas of other northern states.Alaska Department of Transportatio

Evaluating the Need to Seal Thermal Cracks in Alaska’s Asphalt Concrete Pavements

INE/AUTC 12.2

Soil Stabilization Manual 2014 Update

Soil Stabilization is used for a variety of activities including temporary wearing curses, working platforms, improving poor subgrade materials, upgrading marginal materials, dust control, and recycling old roads containing marginal materials. There are a number methods of stabilizing soils including modifying the gradation, the use of asphalt or cement stabilizers, geofiber stabilization and chemical stabilization. Selection of the method depends on the soil type, environment and application. This manual provide tools and guidance in the selection of the proper stabilization method and information on how to apply the method. A major portion of this manual is devoted to the use of stabilizing agents. The methods described here are considered best practices for Alaska.State of Alaska, Alaska Dept. of Transportation and Public Facilitie

Experimental Study of Various Techniques to Protect Ice-Rich Cut Slopes

INE/AUTC 15.08 and INE/AUTC 13.07 (2013) Construction Repor

Creep Behavior of Shallow Anchors in Ice-rich Silt

Grouted anchors have become a common technique in the application of earth retention systems, slope stability problems and tie-down structures in unfrozen soils due to its cost and time efficiency. However, within much of Alaska area, permafrost is a common type of soil and might contain large amount of visible ice. The highly time and temperature dependent properties of ice-rich soil make it a challenge for the application of anchors in permafrost area. This project valuates the effect of water content and temperature on the creep behavior of shallow anchors in cold room lab. Also, field test was conducted to determine effectiveness of three types of grouting materials, including Bentonite clay, Microsil Anchor Grout and special cement formula. The temperature along the anchor was monitored to evaluate the degradation of the surrounding frozen soil. Research results may be applicable in the design of shallow anchors in ice-rich permafrost at various ice content and temperature range. Also, the load distribution and the pullout test results could give a general guidance for the shallow anchor design in permafrost area.Table of Contents - iv List of Figures - viii List of Tables - xiv Chapter 1 Introduction - 1 1.1 General - 1 1.2 Problem Statement - 1 1.3 Objective - 2 1.4 Research Methodology - 2 Chapter 2 Literature Review - 4 2.1 Background on Grouted Anchors - 4 2.2 Creep Theory - 5 1. General Creep Behavior - 5 2. Creep Behavior of Ice - 6 3. Creep behavior of Frozen Soils - 8 2.3 Grouted Anchor Design in Permafrost - 10 1. Grouted Anchor Design Considerations - 11 2. Grouted Anchor Design in Ice-rich Soil - 14 Chapter 3 Laboratory Test - 19 3.1 Laboratory Pullout Test Preparation - 19 1. Soil Preparation - 19 2. Grouted Anchor Preparation - 20 3. Load Frame Preparation - 23 4. Calibration of the Testing Equipment - 26 3.2 Laboratory Pullout Test Procedures - 28 1. Preparing Anchor Test Specimens - 28 2. Load Frame Setup - 31 3. Testing Procedure Outline - 32 Chapter 4 Field Tests of Anchor in CRREL Permafrost Tunnel - 34 4.1 Test Site Overview - 34 1. Introduction to Testing Site - 34 2. CRREL Permafrost Tunnel Geology - 36 3. Anchor Test Location within Permafrost Tunnel - 37 4.2 Testing Equipment - 39 1. Strain Sensors - 40 2. LVDT - 42 4.3 Borehole Drilling Process - 43 1. Drilling Borehole and Drilling System Layout - 43 2. Drilling machine setup - 46 3. Drilling procedure - 48 4. Drilling sequence - 50 4.4 Anchor Preparation and Installation - 51 1. HPI Strain Gage Installation - 52 2. Geokon Strain Gage Installation - 55 3. Anchor Installation Process - 57 4. Backfill Material Preparation and Grouting - 58 5. Backfill Material Mixing - 59 4.5 Loading System Setup - 62 1. Loading system for shallow anchor - 62 2. Loading system for duckbill - 68 4.6 Data Acquisition System Setup - 69 4.7 Duckbill Removal and Anchor Pullout Test - 71 1. Duckbill Removal - 71 2. Pullout Test System Setup - 72 Chapter 5 Test Results and Data Analysis - 75 5.1 Laboratory Pullout Test Results and Analysis (UAF Laboratory) 75 1. Effect of Temperature and Water Content - 77 2. Design Chats for Creep Rate at Different Temperature and Water Content - 78 5.2 Grouting Temperature Test Results and Analysis (Permafrost Tunnel) - 79 5.3 Duckbill Test Results and Analysis (Permafrost Tunnel) - 85 5.4 Load Distribution along Anchor Shaft for Bar-Type Anchors (Permafrost Tunnel) - 88 5.5 Displacement vs. Time Curves (Permafrost Tunnel) - 98 5.6 Pullout Test Results and Analysis - 103 Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendation - 111 6.1 Conclusions - 111 6.2 Recommendations - 112 References - 113 Appendix A Displacement vs. Time Curves - 116 Appendix B Grouting Temperature - 123 Appendix C Load Distribution - 126 Appendix D Displacement vs. Time Curve Revision - 134 Appendix E Pullout Test Results - 14

Evaluation of Precut Transverse Cracks for an Asphalt Concrete Pavement in Interior Alaska (Moose Creek –Richardson Highway)

Road-width thermal cracks (major transverse cracks) are perhaps the most noticeable form of crack-related damage on AC pavements throughout colder areas of Alaska. The main objective of this study is to recommend design strategies and construction practices aimed at controlling thermal cracking in AC pavements. In this report, literature review summarizes selected items of the engineering literature directly relevant to precutting of pavement-type structures and control of thermal cracking in general. Crack surveys and data collection were conducted at the test sections in an AKDOT&PF resurfacing project to compare various precut strategies (variations of cut spacing and depth), with the locations of natural major transverse cracks both before and after construction. Laboratory testing and numerical analysis were also presented to provide basic data about the physical properties of the AC and help explain some of the observed characteristics associated with natural thermal cracking. 17.I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ..................................................................................... 1 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................... 2 OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................... 4 Research Approach .............................................................................................. 4 II. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 7 INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL CRACKING (McHattie et al. 2013) ............. 7 TECHNOLOGY REGARDING PRECUTTING OF TRANSVERSE CRACKS ............................................................................................................. 10 Sawing Joints to Control Cracking in Flexible Pavements (Morchinek 1974).10 Sawing and Sealing Joints in Bituminous Pavements to Control Cracking (Janisch 1996) .................................................................................................. 12 III. DESCRIPTION OF RESEARCH AREA ...................................................... 15 CONSTRUCTION PROJECT / RESEARCH AREA LOCATION ..................... 15 RESEARCH LAYOUT / PRECUT DESIGN/EXECUTION .............................. 17 IV. MATERIALS PROPERTIES ........................................................................ 19 ASPHALT CONCRETE SPECIFICATIONS & MARSHALL MIX DESIGN ..20 DATA FROM AKDOT&PF CONSTRUCTION ACCEPTANCE TESTS ....... 21 DESCRIPTION OF PAVEMENT CORES & LABORATORY RESULTS ....... 23 V. CRACK SURVEYS & DESCRIPTIONS ...................................................... 25 CRACK SURVEYS .............................................................................................. 25 Data Collection and Availability ....................................................................... 25 Analysis of Crack Survey Data ......................................................................... 25 CRACK DESCRIPTIONS .................................................................................... 29 VI. NUMERICAL ANALYSES .......................................................................... 35 SIMULATION CONFIGURATIONS AND INPUTS ......................................... 35 FEM Model Configurations .............................................................................. 35 Simulation Inputs............................................................................................... 37 SIMULATION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ..................................................... 38 VII. CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................. 42 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 42 IMPLEMENTATION RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................. 42 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONTINUING RESEARCH ............................. 43 APPENDIX A: EXAMPLES OF CRACK SURVEY SHEETS ............................. 44 APPENDIX B: RAW CRACK SURVEY DATA ................................................... 47 APPENDIX C: CRACK MAP BASED ON 2014 FIELD DATA ........................... 57 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 6

ROADS AND AIRFIELDS CONSTRUCTED ON PERMAFROST: A Synthesis of Practice

This synthesis provides the practicing engineer with the basic knowledge required to build roadway and airports over permafrost terrain. Topic covered include an overview of permafrost, geotechnical investigations, slope stability, impacts of climate, and adaptation strategies during the design, construction and maintenance phases. The purpose of the synthesis is not to provide a comprehensive body of knowledge or to provide a complete how‐to manual. Rather the synthesis provides a working knowledge for those working in permafrost regions such that the practicing engineer will be able to work with subject matter experts to obtain the desired project outcomes

The Lancaster Care Charter

In the fall of 1991 the Munich Design Charter was published in Design Issues. This charter was written as a design-led “call to arms” on the future nations and boundaries of Europe. The signatories of the Munich Design Charter saw the problem of Europe, at that time, as fundamentally a problem of form that should draw on the creativity and expertise of design. Likewise, the Does Design Care…? workshop held at Imagination, Lancaster University in the autumn of 2017 brought together a multidisciplinary group of people from 16 nations across 5 continents, who, at a critical moment in design discourse saw a problem with the future of Care. The Lancaster Care Charter has been written in response to the vital question “Does Design Care…?” and via a series of conversations, stimulated by a range of presentations that explored a range of provocations, insights, and more questions, provides answers for the contemporary context of Care. With nation and boundary now erased by the flow of Capital the Charter aims to address the complex and urgent challenges for Care as both the future possible and the responsibility of design. The Lancaster Care Charter presents a collective vision and sets out new pragmatic encounters for the design of Care and the care of Design

Symbiotic Futures: Health, Well-being and Care in the Post-Covid World

The "Symbiotic Futures: Health, Well-being and Care in the Post-Covid World" project was jointly conceived by the Innovation School at Glasgow School of Art and the Institute of Cancer Sciences at the University of Glasgow. The project partnership involved a community of experts working across both organisations including the University of Glasgow’s new Mazumdar-Shaw Advanced Research Centre (ARC). Future experiences is a collaborative, futures-focused design project where students benefit from the input of a community of experts to design speculative future worlds and experiences based on research within key societal contexts. This iteration of the project asked the students to consider what happens in the Post-Covid landscape ten years from now, where symbiotic experiences of health, well-being and care have evolved to the extent that new forms of medical practice, health communities and cultures of care transform how we interact with each other, with professionals and the world around us. The GSA Innovation School’s final year BDes Product Design students and faculty formed a dynamic community of practice with health, wellbeing and care practitioners and researchers from The University of Glasgow and beyond. This gave the students the opportunity to reflect on the underlying complexities of the future of health, well-being and care, technological acceleration, human agency and quality of life, to envision a 2031 blueprint as a series of six future world exhibits, and design the products, services and system experiences for the people and environments within it. In the first part of the project (Stage 1), Future worlds are groups of students working together on specific topics, to establish the context for their project and collaborate on research and development. In this iteration of Future Experiences, the "Health, Well-being and Care" worlds were clustered together around ‘People focused’ and ‘Environment focused’, but also joined up across these groups to create pairs of worlds, and in the process generate symbiosis between the groups. These worlds were then the starting points which the students explored in their individual projects. The second part of the project (Stage 2) saw individual students select an aspect of their Future World research to develop as a design direction, which they then prototyped and produced as products, services, and/or systems. These are designed for specific communities, contexts or scenarios of use defined by the students to communicate a future experience. These Future experiences reflect the societal contexts explored during the research phase, projected 10 years into the future, and communicated in a manner that makes the themes engaging and accessible. The deposited materials are arranged as follows: 1. Project Landscape Map - A report and blueprint for the project that gives a visual overview of the structure and timeline of the project. 2. Stage one data folders - the data folders for stage one of the project are named after the themes the groups explored to create their Future Worlds. 3. Stage two data folders - the data folders for stage two of the project are named after the individual students who created the project

Work Plan for Special Design Features & Crack Sealing Maintenance for Parks Highway

INE/AUTC 14.0