Urban Ecology and the Effectiveness of Aedes Control

Past initiatives to control Aedes mosquitoes were successful, in part because they implemented draconian top-down control programs. To achieve similar results now, explicit recognition of the complexity in urban ecologies in terms of land ownership, law enforcement and accessibility for control interventions are required. By combining these attributes, four classes of spaces, along with corresponding control strategies, are suggested to better target Aedes species population control efforts. On one end of the spectrum there are accessible and accountable spaces (e.g. backyards and closely managed public facilities), where interventions can rely predominantly on bottom-up strategies with the local population playing the principle role in the implementation of actions, but with government coordination. On the other end of the spectrum are inaccessible and unaccountable spaces, which require top-down and extensive approaches. By identifying these and the intermediate classes of space, government and private resources can be allocated in a more efficient customized manner. Based on this new framework, a set of actions is proposed that might be implemented in dengue and other Aedes-borne crises. The framework considers existing limitations and opportunities associated with modern societies–which are fundamentally different from those associated with the successful control of Aedes species in the past

Methods to assess the price of diets : a rapid literature review

This work was funded by the Scottish Government’s Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division as part of the Strategic Research Programme 2022-2027 (project RI-B5-9 and Underpinning National Capacity Support for Policy).Publisher PD

SMART Vaccines 2.0 decision-support platform : A tool to facilitate and promote priority setting for sustainable vaccination in resource-limited settings

Funding Information: Supported by Gavi and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, a number of international organisations have offered capacity-building support to establish NITAGs. While greater emphasis was initially placed on fulfilling process indicators for establishing NITAGs, more recent efforts have sought to advance functional capabilities associated with EIDM, most notably by Agence de Médecine Préventive (AMP), the International Vaccine Institute and The Sabin Vaccine Institute.13 14 These programmes have additionally leveraged technical assistance from WHO and its regional offices, PATH and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.15 16 Funding Information: The UNITAG sought technical assistance from AMP’s Supporting Independent Vaccine Advisory Committees (SIVAC) Initiative,14and engaged in piloting the SMART Vaccines 2.0 platform supported by the Fogarty International Center at the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). A description of the NITAG process is given elsewhere.24 33 Funding Information: Funding This work was supported by the Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, USA. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 Author(s). Published by BMJ.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Introducing a drift and diffusion framework for childhood growth research

Acknowledgements We thank the participants and staff of the MAL-ED study for their vital contributions and we thank Prof. Laura Caulfield for her insightful and constructive input. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. National Institutes of Health or Department of Health and Human Services. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 Lewis FI et al.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

A longitudinal study of household water, sanitation, and hygiene characteristics and environmental enteropathy markers in children less than 24 months in Iquitos, Peru

Funding Information: Financial support: The MAL-ED is carried out as a collaborative project supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, and the National Institutes of Health, Fogarty International Center. While conducting this work, Natalie Exum was supported by The NSF IGERT Grant 1069213, The Osprey Foundation of Maryland Grant 1602030014, the Johns Hopkins Water Institute, Johns Hopkins Fisher Center Discovery Program Grant 010 KOS2015, The Kazuyoshi Kawata fund in Sanitary Engineering and Science, and the Dr. C. W. Kruse Memorial Fund Scholarship. Publisher Copyright: © 2018 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Effects of Child and Maternal Histo-Blood Group Antigen Status on Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Enteric Infections in Early Childhood

Funding Information: Financial support. This work was funded by the Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development Project (MAL-ED) is carried out as a collaborative project funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) (BMGF-47075), the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, and the National Institutes of Health, Fogarty International Center, whereas additional support was obtained from BMGF for the examination of host innate factors on enteric disease risk and enteropathy (Grants OPP1066146 and OPP1152146; to M. N. K.). Additional funding was obtained from teh Sherrilyn and Ken Fisher Center for Environmental Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (to M. N. K) and the National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institues of health 1UL1TR001079. Acknowledgments. We thank the participants, their families, and the study community for their dedicated time and effort to better the understanding the transmission and more enduring impact of enteric infections in early childhood. We also thank the following: Jan Vinje (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) for critical input and manuscript review; Dr. Leah Jager for consultation regarding the statistical analysis; Dr. Ben Jann (University of Bern, Switzerland) for guidance in generating the figures; Christine Szymanski for insight and encouragement, particularly regarding Campylobacter infection and disease patency; Chris Damman and Anita Zaidi for input on early iterations of the analysis; and Dick Guerrant for final reflections.Peer reviewe