NRCS Wetland Easement Monitoring and Wetland Quality Evaluation Final Report Period: 1 January 2015 – 31 December 2015

During 2015, the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS) conducted wetland easement monitoring and wetland quality evaluations for the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). In total, 106 wetland easements were monitored within a 28 county area across central Illinois, including 4 Emergency Watershed Protection Program-Floodplain Easements (EWPP-FPE), 14 Emergency Wetland Reserve Program (EWRP) easements, and 88 Wetland Reserve Program (WRP) easements. We acknowledge that wetland easements have recently been re-classified as wetland reserve easements (WRE) within the Agriculture Conservation and Easement Program, but herein we have retained the former nomenclature to maintain consistency with existing management plans and agency documents. Our goal was to visit at least 100 wetland easements in Illinois during 2015, meet with or contact landowners to verify ownership information, identify potential land uses or practices incompatible with program objectives and active authorized practices, and assess general habitat quality for wetland birds. Specifically, we completed an annual monitoring worksheet, conducted a rapid wetland assessment to estimate habitat quality for wetland birds, and provided general information regarding condition of easements.United States Department of Agriculture – Natural Resources Conservation Service Contract Number: 65-5A12-15-351unpublishednot peer reviewedOpe

Contemporary Family Law, 6th Edition

Jessica Dixon Weaver: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6960-1459https://scholar.smu.edu/facbooks/1071/thumbnail.jp

Multiple processes generate productivity–diversity relationships in experimental wood-fall communities

Energy availability has long been recognized as a predictor of community structure, and changes in both terrestrial and marine productivity under climate change necessitate a deeper understanding of this relationship. The productivity–diversity relationship (PDR) is well explored in both empirical and theoretical work in ecology, but numerous questions remain. Here, we test four different theories for PDRs (More-Individuals Hypothesis, Resource-Ratio Theory, More Specialization Theory, and the Connectivity–Diversity Hypothesis) with experimental deep-sea wood falls. We manipulated productivity by altering wood-fall sizes and measured responses after 5 and 7 years. In November 2006, 32 Acacia sp. logs were deployed at 3203 m in the Northeast Pacific Ocean (Station Deadwood: 36.154098° N, 122.40852° W). Overall, we found a significant increase in diversity with increased wood-fall size for these communities. Increases in diversity with wood-fall size occurred because of the addition of rare species and increases of overall abundance, although individual species responses varied. We also found that limited dispersal helped maintain the positive PDR relationship. Our experiment suggests that multiple interacting mechanisms influence PDRs

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Determining Diving Duck Condition and Habitat Quality during Spring Migration in the Upper Midwest

The Illinois and Mississippi river corridors historically provide critical stopover habitat for spring-migrating diving ducks (Havera 1999). However, recent evidence suggests that wetlands associated with these river systems in the region provide limited seed and invertebrate biomass during spring (Straub et al. 2012). We evaluated habitat quality throughout the upper Midwest during springs 2014–2015 by sampling foods available to diving ducks and examining an index of daily lipid deposition of lethally collected lesser scaup and canvasbacks (DLDs; Anteau and Afton 2008b). We related habitat quality metrics to body condition, determined by proximate analyses, and habitat selection of diving ducks.Additionally, we estimated levels of the stress hormone, corticosterone, and bioaccumulated hepatic elements to describe physiological condition of lesser scaup at Midwest stopover locations. Our data indicate that regional differences in body condition, stress levels, nutrient acquisition, foraging patch selection, and foraging area selection were more important than other factors (e.g., food densities) during spring migration.We observed low food densities, diverse diets, and negative energy balances, suggesting that food may be limited for diving ducks during spring. In particular, lack of evidence for patch and area selection may indicate that diving ducks are often unable to differentiate foraging patches based on energetic value. Additionally, other stressors such as introduced parasites may be an emerging threat to lesser scaup populations and important contributors to the Spring Condition Hypothesis (England 2016).unpublishednot peer reviewedOpe

Roadless wilderness area determines forest elephant movements in the Congo Basin

A dramatic expansion of road building is underway in the Congo Basin fuelled by private enterprise, international aid, and government aspirations. Among the great wilderness areas on earth, the Congo Basin is outstanding for its high biodiversity, particularly mobile megafauna including forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis). The abundance of many mammal species in the Basin increases with distance from roads due to hunting pressure, but the impacts of road proliferation on the movements of individuals are unknown. We investigated the ranging behaviour of forest elephants in relation to roads and roadless wilderness by fitting GPS telemetry collars onto a sample of 28 forest elephants living in six priority conservation areas. We show that the size of roadless wilderness is a strong determinant of home range size in this species. Though our study sites included the largest wilderness areas in central African forests, none of 4 home range metrics we calculated, including core area, tended toward an asymptote with increasing wilderness size, suggesting that uninhibited ranging in forest elephants no longer exists. Furthermore we show that roads outside protected areas which are not protected from hunting are a formidable barrier to movement while roads inside protected areas are not. Only 1 elephant from our sample crossed an unprotected road. During crossings her mean speed increased 14-fold compared to normal movements. Forest elephants are increasingly confined and constrained by roads across the Congo Basin which is reducing effective habitat availability and isolating populations, significantly threatening long term conservation efforts. If the current road development trajectory continues, forest wildernesses and the forest elephants they contain will collapse

Brane effective actions, kappa-symmetry and applications

This is a review on brane effective actions, their symmetries and some of their applications. Its first part covers the Green–Schwarz formulation of single M- and D-brane effective actions focusing on kinematical aspects: the identification of their degrees of freedom, the importance of world volume diffeomorphisms and kappa symmetry to achieve manifest spacetime covariance and supersymmetry, and the explicit construction of such actions in arbitrary on-shell supergravity backgrounds. Its second part deals with applications. First, the use of kappa symmetry to determine supersymmetric world volume solitons. This includes their explicit construction in flat and curved backgrounds, their interpretation as Bogomol’nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield (BPS) states carrying (topological) charges in the supersymmetry algebra and the connection between supersymmetry and Hamiltonian BPS bounds. When available, I emphasise the use of these solitons as constituents in microscopic models of black holes. Second, the use of probe approximations to infer about the non-trivial dynamics of strongly-coupled gauge theories using the anti de Sitter/conformal field theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence. This includes expectation values of Wilson loop operators, spectrum information and the general use of D-brane probes to approximate the dynamics of systems with small number of degrees of freedom interacting with larger systems allowing a dual gravitational description. Its final part briefly discusses effective actions for N D-branes and M2-branes. This includes both Super-Yang-Mills theories, their higher-order corrections and partial results in covariantising these couplings to curved backgrounds, and the more recent supersymmetric Chern–Simons matter theories describing M2-branes using field theory, brane constructions and 3-algebra considerations

Effects of Anacetrapib in Patients with Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease

BACKGROUND: Patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease remain at high risk for cardiovascular events despite effective statin-based treatment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. The inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) by anacetrapib reduces LDL cholesterol levels and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. However, trials of other CETP inhibitors have shown neutral or adverse effects on cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 30,449 adults with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive atorvastatin therapy and who had a mean LDL cholesterol level of 61 mg per deciliter (1.58 mmol per liter), a mean non-HDL cholesterol level of 92 mg per deciliter (2.38 mmol per liter), and a mean HDL cholesterol level of 40 mg per deciliter (1.03 mmol per liter). The patients were assigned to receive either 100 mg of anacetrapib once daily (15,225 patients) or matching placebo (15,224 patients). The primary outcome was the first major coronary event, a composite of coronary death, myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization. RESULTS: During the median follow-up period of 4.1 years, the primary outcome occurred in significantly fewer patients in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (1640 of 15,225 patients [10.8%] vs. 1803 of 15,224 patients [11.8%]; rate ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.85 to 0.97; P=0.004). The relative difference in risk was similar across multiple prespecified subgroups. At the trial midpoint, the mean level of HDL cholesterol was higher by 43 mg per deciliter (1.12 mmol per liter) in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (a relative difference of 104%), and the mean level of non-HDL cholesterol was lower by 17 mg per deciliter (0.44 mmol per liter), a relative difference of -18%. There were no significant between-group differences in the risk of death, cancer, or other serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive statin therapy, the use of anacetrapib resulted in a lower incidence of major coronary events than the use of placebo. (Funded by Merck and others; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN48678192 ; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01252953 ; and EudraCT number, 2010-023467-18 .)

Contemporary Family Law, 5th ed.

This popular family law casebook engages students with the significant changes to the American family and the corresponding evolution of family law doctrine and policy. In the fifth edition, all 17 chapters are fully updated to reflect the latest family law developments, including ones that have occurred since Obergefell v. Hodges (2015).The book emphasizes that contemporary families take a variety of forms, including marital and nonmarital adult relationships, and that constitutional considerations play an increasingly important role in family law. The fifth edition preserves and builds on the approach of the earlier editions: presenting core substantive family law doctrine while also exploring ongoing and emerging policy debates and discussing the importance of cross-disciplinary collaborations with experts in fields such as psychology and accounting. A limited number of new cases replace older ones in most chapters, and the introductions to and notes and questions following each lead case, statute, or article have been thoroughly updated. In addition, problems for discussion in each chapter—including new and updated problems for this edition—enable students to apply doctrine in real-life settings that lawyers face.Contemporary Family Law also introduces the myriad issues central to family law practice and to a lawyer’s ethical and professional responsibilities. The book includes material on shifting paradigms in family law practice and the roles of family lawyers, and devotes separate chapters to professional ethics, alternative dispute resolution, and private ordering. The book addresses jurisdictional issues in one integrated chapter.In addition to providing a grounding in the historical and contemporary regulation of marriage, the book includes material throughout on the legal treatment of nonmarital couples and their children. The book also explores the diverse pathways to legal parentage and their impact on parent-child and co-parent relationships. Moreover, because child custody arrangements lead to some of the most acrimonious family disputes, this casebook devotes two chapters to custody: the first treats the initial custody decision, and the second explores continuing litigation concerning visitation, custody, and key childrearing decisions after the initial disposition, including disputes involving third parties such as cohabitants and grandparents. Both custody chapters include disputes involving nonmarital children.The fifth edition includes new and expanded material throughout, such as: Issues arising after Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), the Supreme Court’s decision on the fundamental right of same-sex couples to marry and to have every state recognize their marriage, and the decision’s ramifications throughout family law, including rules for entering marriage, parentage, domestic partnerships, civil unions, and other legal statuses. Changes in marriage regulation, including state bigamy and legal challenges to them and “child marriage, including legislative efforts to raise the minimum age of marriage, with examples of new legislation. Developments involving nonmarital couples, including Blumenthal v. Brewer’s affirmation of Illinois’s policy against allowing economic remedies for nonmarital couples. Changes in parentage law, including surrogacy legislation, the latest revision of the Uniform Parentage Act (2017), and the new Uniform Nonparent Custody and Visitation Act adopted in 2018. Extensive coverage of debt and family finances, new material drawn from numerous studies on the current economic climate (replacing the excerpt from Elizabeth Warren on bankruptcy), as well as new material on how the 2017 changes to federal tax law affect families; Discussion of Whole Woman’s Health v. Hellerstedt (S. Ct. 2016) and later developments in the courts and in state legislatures regulating access to abortion; New lead cases on moral fitness in custody adjudication and domestic violence in custody decisions with substantially revised notes; a new lead case on relocation by a custodial parent—here a male nurse—reflecting changes in the law in many jurisdictions; expanded notes on parental decisions involving transgender youth; and a new discussion of disputes over “custody” of animal companions, commonly known as pets. A full chapter containing updated materials about domestic violence and its harmful effects on marital and nonmarital households, and about intrafamily tort actions and family-related tort actions brought against family members by third persons. A full chapter on adoption, including the latest trends and practices in transracial adoption, international adoption by American parents, and adoption by same-sex couples. A fully updated chapter on the child support obligations of marital and non-marital parents.https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/books/1239/thumbnail.jp

Breeding bird density does not drive vocal individuality

Many species produce individually specific vocalizations and sociality is a hypothesized driver of such individuality. Previous studies of how social variation influenced individuality focused on colonial or non-colonial avian species, and how social group size influenced individuality in sciurid rodents. Since sociality is an important driver of individuality, we expected that bird species that defend nesting territories in higher density neighborhoods should have more individually-distinctive calls than those that defend nesting territories in lower-density neighborhoods. We used Beecher’s information statistic to quantify individuality, and we examined the relationship between bird density (calculated with point-counts) and vocal individuality on seven species of passerines. We found non-significant relationships between breeding bird density and vocal individuality whether regressions were fitted on species values, or on phylogenetically-independent contrast values. From these results, we infer that while individuality may be explained by social factors, breeding bird density is unlikely to be generally important in driving the evolution of individually-specific vocalizations [Current Zoology 58 (5): 765–772, 2012]