<i>M. tuberculosis</i> characteristic cording in MODS plate at ×400 magnification with inverted microscope.

<p><i>M. tuberculosis</i> characteristic cording in MODS plate at ×400 magnification with inverted microscope.</p

Features of 57 newly presenting patients with a final diagnosis of TBM.

<p>CXR = chest X-ray, CT = computerised tomography <u>of the</u> brain, TBM = tuberculous meningitis, + = positive, neg = negative, AFB = Acid fast bacilli, PTB = pulmonary tuberculosis.</p

Sensitivity of all techniques analysed by sample (n = 63), patient (n = 57) and HIV status. Specificity of all techniques in all cases was 100%.

<p>Sensitivity of all techniques analysed by sample (n = 63), patient (n = 57) and HIV status. Specificity of all techniques in all cases was 100%.</p

Results of MODS for 137 patients presenting with suspected TBM by final diagnosis.

<p>Results of MODS for 137 patients presenting with suspected TBM by final diagnosis.</p

Cumulative percentage of positive cultures by day for MODS, MGIT and LJ culture.

<p>Cumulative percentage of positive cultures by day for MODS, MGIT and LJ culture.</p

<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> in MODS plate at ×400 magnification with inverted microscope.

<p><i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> in MODS plate at ×400 magnification with inverted microscope.</p

Flowchart of patients presenting to Hospital for Tropical Diseases with suspected TBM during the study showing results for standard microbiological investigations (MGIT/LJ/ZN smear) and MODS on CSF samples.

<p>Flowchart of patients presenting to Hospital for Tropical Diseases with suspected TBM during the study showing results for standard microbiological investigations (MGIT/LJ/ZN smear) and MODS on CSF samples.</p

Summary of 61 follow-up samples from 27 HIV-positive patients with HIV associated TBM on >7 days TB therapy*.

*<p>TB therapy = rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol for 3 months, followed by rifampicin and isoniazid for 6 months. All patients also received adjunctive dexamethsone therapy.</p

Features of 80 newly presenting patients with a final diagnosis other than TBM.

<p>HSV = herpes simplex virus, CXR = Chest X-ray, CT = computerised tomography, Cr Ag = cryptococcus neoformans antigen, (+) = positive, Neg = negative.</p

The cytokine profiles from dendritic cells infected with individual strains over 72 hours.

<p>Bone-marrow derived dendritic cells were infected with 3 Euro-American (all T1 spoligotype), 3 East Asian/Beijing (all Beijing spoligotype) and 3 Indo-Oceanic (all EA14_VNM spoligotype) strains at a M.O.I of 5, for 72 hours. Cytokine concentrations for TNF-α and IL-1β (A) and IL-10 and IL-12p40 (B) were determined in the cell supernatants using ELISA. Lines represent the mean cytokine expression of three independent experiments at 24, 48, and 72 hours of infection from 3 independent experiments, each performed in triplicate. The individual strains are labelled within the figure (see with <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0023870#pone-0023870-t001" target="_blank">table 1</a>).</p