Relationship Between Obesity-Induced Metabolic Abnormalities and Nutrient Intake: Sex Differences in Japanese University Students

Background: Preventive measures and interventions for obesity in young adults are urgently needed. However, evidence-based guidelines for interventional programs in this generation have not been established worldwide because of limited access to data on this group. To establish effective methods of obesity prevention in young adults, we analyzed the relationship between nutrient intake and obesity-related metabolic factors in each body mass index (BMI) group among Japanese university students. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed using annual health checkup data, which is conducted mandatory for all students according to the School Health and Safety Act in Japan, from Gifu University’s incoming class of 2017. Nutrient intake information was obtained from the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ), which has been adjusted and validated for the Japanese population. Inclusion criteria were aged 18-30 years and completed the all examination items including BDHQ. From a total of 1277 students’ data, 1202 satisfied and were included in the analyses (participation rate: 94.1%). Nutrition and metabolic data were compared among BMI groups (lean, \u3c18.5 kg/m2; normal, 18.5-24.9 kg/m2; obese, ≥25.0 kg/m2, according to criteria of the Japan Society for the Study of Obesity [2002]) using one-way analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey honestly significant difference analysis in SPSS software version24 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York). Results: The percentage of obesity was 8.1% in men and 1.4% in women, showing a significant difference. Among men, BMI groups were significantly (p\u3c0.05) different in the intake of 11 nutrients which were protein, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, omega 3 and 6 fatty acids and micronutrients K, Mg, P, Fe, and Zn, significantly high in nine metabolic parameters, which were blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, uric acid (UA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and significant low in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol among obese group. Among women, BMI groups were not significantly different in nutrient intake, significantly high in five metabolic parameters, which were UA, ALT, systolic BP, LDL, and TG, and significant low in HDL among obese group. Conclusion: This study suggested that the effect of obesity on metabolic abnormalities in Japanese university students may be more remarkable in men than in women. This sex difference might be partially explained by the significant increase in protein and fat intake in obese men. For women, other factors may contribute to obesity and metabolic abnormalities. Education for appropriate volumes of nutrient intake could be effective in male university students

Relationship Between Obesity-Induced Metabolic Abnormalities and Nutrient Intake: Sex Differences in Japanese University Students

Background: Preventive measures and interventions for obesity in young adults are urgently needed. However, evidence-based guidelines for interventional programs in this generation have not been established worldwide because of limited access to data on this group. To establish effective methods of obesity prevention in young adults, we analyzed the relationship between nutrient intake and obesity-related metabolic factors in each body mass index (BMI) group among Japanese university students. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed using annual health checkup data, which is conducted mandatory for all students according to the School Health and Safety Act in Japan, from Gifu University’s incoming class of 2017. Nutrient intake information was obtained from the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ), which has been adjusted and validated for the Japanese population. Inclusion criteria were aged 18-30 years and completed the all examination items including BDHQ. From a total of 1277 students’ data, 1202 satisfied and were included in the analyses (participation rate: 94.1%). Nutrition and metabolic data were compared among BMI groups (lean, \u3c18.5 kg/m2; normal, 18.5-24.9 kg/m2; obese, ≥25.0 kg/m2, according to criteria of the Japan Society for the Study of Obesity [2002]) using one-way analysis of variance with post-hoc Tukey honestly significant difference analysis in SPSS software version24 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York). Results: The percentage of obesity was 8.1% in men and 1.4% in women, showing a significant difference. Among men, BMI groups were significantly (p\u3c0.05) different in the intake of 11 nutrients which were protein, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, omega 3 and 6 fatty acids and micronutrients K, Mg, P, Fe, and Zn, significantly high in nine metabolic parameters, which were blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, uric acid (UA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides (TG) and significant low in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol among obese group. Among women, BMI groups were not significantly different in nutrient intake, significantly high in five metabolic parameters, which were UA, ALT, systolic BP, LDL, and TG, and significant low in HDL among obese group. Conclusion: This study suggested that the effect of obesity on metabolic abnormalities in Japanese university students may be more remarkable in men than in women. This sex difference might be partially explained by the significant increase in protein and fat intake in obese men. For women, other factors may contribute to obesity and metabolic abnormalities. Education for appropriate volumes of nutrient intake could be effective in male university students

Nutritional intake and metabolic parameters of Japanese university students with and without obesity: Sex-specific differences.

ObjectiveTo establish effective methods of obesity prevention among young adults, we analyzed the relationship between obesity-related food intake and metabolic factors in Japanese university students.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional analysis of nutrient intake information and metabolic parameters among 1,206 Gifu University students categorized by body mass index.ResultsThe overweight/obesity rate was significantly higher in males. Additionally, among males, the intake of protein, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, all lipids/fats, and all metabolic parameters including blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and blood pressure significantly differed between the obese and non-obese groups. However, the same comparison among females revealed no significant differences in nutrient intake and significant differences in only half of the parameters. Among males, energy intake from protein and fat was significantly higher in the obese group, while the percentage of total energy intake from carbohydrates and fat was lower and higher, respectively, among females in the obese group.ConclusionsOvereating of protein and fat in males and unbalanced nutrition in females are sex-specific characteristics of Japanese university students with obesity, and metabolic abnormalities in students with obesity are more remarkable in males than in females

Evaluation of bactericidal effects of silver hydrosol nanotherapeutics against 1449 drug resistant biofilms

INTRODUCTION: Silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) are well documented for their broad-spectrum bactericidal effects. This study aimed to test the effect of bioactive Ag-hydrosol NPs on drug-resistant 1449 strain and explore the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for automated detection of the bacteria. METHODS: The formation of 1449 biofilms in the absence and presence of Ag-hydrosol NPs at different concentrations ranging from 12.4 mg/L to 123 mg/L was evaluated using a 3-dimentional culture system. The biofilm reduction was evaluated using the confocal microscopy in addition to the Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM) visualization and spectrofluorimetric quantification using a Biotek Synergy Neo2 microplate reader. The cytotoxicity of the NPs was evaluated in human nasal epithelial cells using the MTT assay. The AI technique based on Fast Regional Convolutional Neural Network architecture was used for the automated detection of the bacteria. RESULTS: Treatment with Ag-hydrosol NPs at concentrations ranging from 12.4 mg/L to 123 mg/L resulted in 78.09% to 95.20% of biofilm reduction. No statistically significant difference in biofilm reduction was found among different batches of Ag-hydrosol NPs. Quantitative concentration-response relationship analysis indicated that Ag-hydrosol NPs exhibited a relative high anti-biofilm activity and low cytotoxicity with an average EC50 and TC50 values of 0.0333 and 6.55 mg/L, respectively, yielding an average therapeutic index value of 197. The AI-assisted TEM image analysis allowed automated detection of 1449 with 97% ~ 99% accuracy. DISCUSSION: Conclusively, the bioactive Ag-hydrosol NP is a promising nanotherapeutic agent against drug-resistant pathogens. The AI-assisted TEM image analysis was developed with the potential to assess its treatment effect