Transient Magnetic and Doppler Features Related to the White-light Flares in NOAA 10486

Rapidly moving transient features have been detected in magnetic and Doppler images of super-active region NOAA 10486 during the X17/4B flare of 28 October 2003 and the X10/2B flare of 29 October 2003. Both these flares were extremely energetic white-light events. The transient features appeared during impulsive phases of the flares and moved with speeds ranging from 30 to 50 km s$^{-1}$. These features were located near the previously reported compact acoustic \cite{Donea05} and seismic sources \cite{Zharkova07}. We examine the origin of these features and their relationship with various aspects of the flares, {\it viz.}, hard X-ray emission sources and flare kernels observed at different layers - (i) photosphere (white-light continuum), (ii) chromosphere (H$\alpha$ 6563\AA), (iii) temperature minimum region (UV 1600\AA), and (iv) transition region (UV 284\AA).Comment: 26 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in Solar Physic

An Automated Algorithm to Distinguish and Characterize Solar Flares and Associated Sequential Chromospheric Brightenings

We present a new automated algorithm to identify, track, and characterize small-scale brightening associated with solar eruptive phenomena observed in H{\alpha}. The temporal spatially-localized changes in chromospheric intensities can be separated into two categories: flare ribbons and sequential chromospheric brightenings (SCBs). Within each category of brightening we determine the smallest resolvable locus of pixels, a kernel, and track the temporal evolution of the position and intensity of each kernel. This tracking is accomplished by isolating the eruptive features, identifying kernels, and linking detections between frames into trajectories of kernels. We fully characterize the evolving intensity and morphology of the flare ribbons by observing the tracked flare kernels in aggregate. With the location of SCB and flare kernels identified, they can easily be overlaid on top of complementary data sets to extract Doppler velocities and magnetic field intensities underlying the kernels. This algorithm is adaptable to any dataset to identify and track solar features.Comment: 22 pages, 9 figure

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Not AvailableCow Pat Pit (CPP) and vermi wash are organic preparations commonly used in organic production. CPP is also known as soil shampoo is prepared by using fresh cow dung obtained from lactating and pasture going cows, whereas vermi wash is a liquid leachate obtained by excess water to saturate the vermi composting substrate. In this study both of these preparations (CPP & vermi wash) were prepared on farm and tested for microbial activi- ties in terms of microbial count, isolation of PGP microorganisms, testing of PGPR properties, biochemical and molecular characterization of selected microorganisms. In CPP maximum population of actinomycetes (18.4 x 106 cfu ml -1) and P-solubilizing (13.2 x 106 cfu ml -1) microorganisms were observed, while in case of vermi wash, azospirillum (3.62 x 106 cfu ml -1) and pseudomonas (3.36 x 106 cfu ml -1) showed maximum populations. Total 17 bacteria from CPP and 14 bacteria from vermi wash were isolated. All isolated bacteria were tested for biochemical tests and PGPR properties including P-solubilization, siderophore production, Zn solubilization, IAA production, etc. Based on biochemical characterization and PGPR properties one test strain C7 (Klebsiella varicola) from CPP was identified. From vermi wash also two test strains V11 (Serratia marcescens) and V12 (Bacillus cereus) were identi- fied. The test isolates identified in this study have huge potential to reclaim soil from stress environment and can enhance trace nutrients bioavailability.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableCow dung is a rich source of microbial diversity and being used since long time in India for seed treatment, plastering cut ends of vegetative propagated plant parts and sprinkling of diluted solution on crops. In pres- ent study, microbial isolation from fresh cow (indigenous) dung observed in different generalized and selective medium. Cow dung enriched with diversity of microorganisms as it contained various microbial population as observed in different mediumi.e38 x 106cfu g-1 (in nutrient agar), 26.0 x 106 cfu g-1 (actinomycetes isolation agar), 36 x 106 cfu g-1 (Kings B agar), 16 x 106 cfu g-1 (CV agar),13 x 106 cfu g-1 (Methyl red), 15 x 106 cfu g-1 (Pikovskyas agar), 30 x 106 cfu g-1 (CRYEMA), Azospirillum 70 x 106 cfu g-1 (N-free maleate) and 30 x 106 cfu g-1 (Jenson agar medium). Based on microbial enumeration, total 18 bacterial isolates were selected for biochemical, PGPR characterization and biocontrol activity. All isolates were tested positive for phosphate and Zn solubilisation. Isolate CD2, CD5, CD13, CD14 and CD19 were tested highly positive for zinc, phosphate, K-solubilisation, IAA and amylase pro-duction. Test isolates CD2, CD5, CD6, CD7, CD10 and CD13 were tested highly positive for β-galactosidase activ-ity, ornithine utilization, nitrate reduction, citrate utilization, malonate utilization, esculin hydrolysis, trehalose, glucose and lactose utilization. All isolated microbes tested for biocontrol activity (antifungal property) against standard pathogen procured from microbial type culture collection (MTCC), i.e. C. gloeosporioides (MTCC 2190), F. oxysporum (MTCC 10247), C. fimbriota (MTCC 2281) and P. aphanidermatum (MTCC 284). CD2, CD34 and CD20 isolates significantly inhibited the growth of C. gloeosporioides and P. aphanidermatum.Not Availabl