Composição bromatológica e cinética de fermentação ruminal de híbridos de sorgo com capim-sudão.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional value of 23 experimental genotypes and two control cultivars (AG2501C and BRS800) obtained by crossing sorghum with sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor cv. BicolorXSorghum bicolor cv. Sudanense), managed in a cutting regime. The bromatological analysis was performed, and the kinetics parameters of dry matter fermentation was obtained by the semi-automated in vitro gas production technique. A completely randomized block design was used for total gas production in a split plot arrangement. For all other responses an entirely randomized design was applied. The mean values were compared by Scott-Knott test. The genotypes CMSXS212*CMSXS912 and ATF14*CMSXS912 showed the highest dry matter content and the genotypes (A3TX430*CMSXS225)*CMSXS912, (A3TX430*CMSXS227)*CMSXS912, (BR007*CMSXS217)*CMSXS912, CMSXS210*CMSXS912, CMSXS157*CMSXS912, CMSXS215*CMSXS912, ATF14*CMSXS912, CMSXS205*CMSXS912, CMSXS156*CMSXS912, CMSXS107*CMSXS912, CMSXS216*CMSXS912 showed the highest protein level. The cell wall contents, the kinetics parameters and the effective dry matter degradation forb all the hybrids were not statistically different

Potencial da técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases para avaliação de silagens de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench).

O potential da técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases foi estudado pela avaliação das silagens de quatro híbridos de sorgo (BR700, BR701, BR601 e AG2002). Os resultados desse experimento foram comparados aos obtidos em experimento de digestibilidade aparente. A relação entre a digestibilidade da matéria seca obtida pela técnica de produção de gases após 96 horas de fermentação (DMS) e a digestibilidade aparente da MS foi representada pela equação: digestibilidade in vivo (g/kg) = 0,46 x DMS (g/kg) + 361 ,08 (r2=0,97). A técnica in vitro sem i automática de produção de gases estimou de forma precisa os valores de digestibilidade aparente da MS das silagens avaliadas nesse experimento. Além disto, forneceu informações adicionais sobre a cinética de fermentação ruminal das silagens e degradabilidade efetiva da matéria seca em diferentes taxas de passagem. A superioridade da taxa de produção de gases (%/h) do híbrido BR601 (0,056) em relação ao BR700 (0,051), BR701 (0,044) e AG2002 (0,045) está correlacionada com a maior DMS do material (649,598,601 e 593 g/kg, respectivamente). Dessa forma, a técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases foi capaz de selecionar o híbrido BR60I, em termos de digestibilidade e cinética de fermentação ruminal, como o mais promissor para uso na alimentação dos ruminantes, demonstrando assim o seu potencial para avaliação de silagens de sorg

Pubertal timing in girls and depression: A systematic review

Background: Because the incidence of depression increases after puberty, it is possible that pubertal timing in girls influences the onset of depression. Our objective was to assess the effect of early and late puberty in girls on the incidence of depression. Methods: We systematically searched relevant databases for controlled studies that assessed the impact of pubertal timing in girls on the incidence of depression or depressive symptoms. The last search was completed in August 2013. Two authors selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the quality of the evidence. Meta-analyses of the adjusted and unadjusted results were calculated using random effects. Results: Four cohort studies were included (n=8055 participants). Early puberty significantly increased the risk of new cases of depression in the unadjusted meta-analysis (RR=1.33; CI 95%: 1.02, 1.73) but not in the adjusted estimate of two of the included studies (RR=1.48; CI 95%: 0.69, 2.28). For late puberty, no significant associations were found (unadjusted RR=1.28; CI 95%: 0.87, 1.88). Two studies assessed the effect of early puberty on depressive symptoms and found positive associations. The quality of the available evidence was rated as very low. Limitations: The polled results had wide confidence intervals, and the available evidence was of very low quality. Conclusions: The available evidence supports little confidence regarding the impact of pubertal timing on the onset of depression in girls but suggests that early puberty in girls may increase the risk of depression. Further higher quality studies are needed to clarify the association between pubertal timing and the incidence of depression in girls and women

Avaliação de vinte e cinco híbridos de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) com capim sudão (Sorghum sudanense) pela técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases.

Empregando a tecnica in vitro semi-automatica de producao de gases, 23 hibridos experimentais e dos hibridos comerciais de sorgo com capim sudao (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense), utilizados em regime de corte, foram avaliados quanto a qualidade da forragem produzida. O experimento, com delineamento de blocos ao acaso, tres repeticoes por tratamento e comparacao das medias feita pelo teste de agrupamento de Scott-Knott nao apresentou diferencas significativas (p<0,05) entre hibridos para nenhum dos parametros de modelo de descricao matematica da cinetica ruminal, ou para digestibilidade da materia seca (MS) as 96 h. Foram observados valores medios de 226,8 ml/g de MS para o potencial maximo de producao de gases (A), 3,0 horas para a lag phase, 0,020 ml/h para a taxa de producao de gases (mi) e digestibilidade da MS, apos 96 horas de incubacao, variando entre 63,8 a 69,6%. Os resultados indicam valor nutricional semelhante entre os hibridos avaliados e estudados que incluam aspectos agronomicos devem se levados em consideracao para indicacao do melhor material

\u3cem\u3eTithonia diversifolia\u3c/em\u3e for Ruminant Nutrition

India and Brazil lead the world ranking of livestock enteric methane emissions (FAO 2006). According to FAO (2006), Brazil (9.6 Tg of CH4/year) is the highest emitter of methane from cattle, followed by India (8.6 Tg of CH4/year) and the USA (5.1 Tg of CH4/year). In livestock, methane (CH4) formed from enteric fermentation of carbohydrates is primarily responsible for the emissions in the sector. Regarding livestock methane emission, Delgado et al. (2012) evaluated 20 tree and shrub species using in vitro technique and demonstrated a reducing effect on the amount of methane when Tithonia diversifolia was compared with, for example, Cynodon nlemfuensis grass. Tithonia diversifolia belongs to the division - Sphermatophyta; class - Eudicotiledoneae; sub-class - Metaclamídeas; Order - Campanulate; Family - Asteraceae; Genre - Tithonia, and Species - Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.), Gray (Souza 2008). Tithonia diversifolia can be very useful in animal nutrition (Fig. 1) by increasing the protein content of animal diet at low cost (Murgueitio et al. 2010) as well as in the recovery of degraded soils for it grows in areas with low levels of fertility and has high ability to absorb phosphorus, even if it is unavailable to other forage species (Kwabiah et al. 2003). The objective of this study was to assess the nutritional qualities, including quantification of enteric methane generated during in vitro ruminal fermentation, of Tithonia diversifolia as an alternative forage for ruminant nutrition in the tropics

Avaliação das silagens de girassol (híbrido M734) obtidas em diferentes épocas de ensilagem pela técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases.

Para que o girassol possa ser utilizado com sucesso na forma de silagem, é necessario que se determine o ponto ideal de ensilagem. O objetivo desse experimento foi avaliar atraves da tecnica de producao de gases Reading Pressure Technique as silagens do hibrido M734 ensilado com 30, 37, 44 e 51 dias apos a floracao. O liquido ruminal foi obtido de tres carneiros machos fistulados. As leituras de pressao dos gases foi feita atraves de um transdutor de pressao as 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 19, 24, 30, 36, 48, 72, 96 h apos incubacao. O volume de gas produzido foi estimado por uma equacao de regressao entre pressao e volume. A cinetica ruminal foi descrita matematicamente atraves dos parametros potencial maximo de producao de gases, lag phase, taxa de producao de gases (u) e degradabilidade efetiva da MS para diferentes taxas de passagem (2, 5 e 8 %h) por um modelo matematico unicompartimental. Verificou-se que o corte da cultura em estadios mais tardios levaram a reducao no potencial maximo de producao de gases (162, 155, 144 e 139 ml), elevacao da lag phase (2,4, 2,5, 2,8 e 2,9 h) e diminuicao da taxa de fermentacao (0,023, 0,022, 0,017 e 0,017 ml/h) para as epocas 30, 37, 44 e 51 dias apos a floracao, respectivamente. Fato esse provavelmente e associado a diminuicao dos teores de substratos prontamente fermentaveis durante a maturacao da cultura. As melhores epocas de ensilagem do hibrido M734 foram aos 30 e 37 dias apos o florescimento

Forrageiras em regime de corte avaliadas pela técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar, atraves da tecnica in vitro semi-automatica de producao de gases, os potenciais maximos de producao de gases, degradabilidade da materia seca (DMS) e as taxas de producao de gases (mi) e de degradacao da MS (c) do capim Elefante (Pennisetum purpureum) - cv. Napier, cana-de-acucar (Saccharum officinarum) - var. rb 72454 e de dois hibridos de sorgo com capim Sudao (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanense) - AG 2501 e BRS 800, avaliados em regime de corte. Foi utilizado o modelo de descricao matematica da cinetica ruminal proposto por FRANCE et al. (1993( ara determinacao dos potenciais maximos de producao de gases (A) de 237, 232, 217 e 213 ml/g MS e taxas de producao de gases (mi) de 0,028, 0,079, 0,022 ml/h, empregando-se a equacao sugerida por ORSKOV et al. (1980) , foram encontrados potenciais de degradabilidade da MS (A) de 68,7, 66,2, 65,9 e 65,8% e taxas de degradacao da MS (c) de 0,054, 0,033, 0,051 e 0,049 %/h para o capim Elefante, a cana-de-acucar, o Ag 2501 e o BRS 800, respectivamente. para todos os alimentos foram notadas altas correlacoes entre as producoes cumulativas de gases e as degradabilidades da MS

Problem-Based Learning in Pharmaceutical Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective. To assess the effects of problem-based learning (PBL) on the learning achievements of pharmacy students. Methods. We searched for controlled studies that compared PBL to traditional learning in pharmacy courses (graduate and undergraduate) in the major literature databases up to January 2014. Two independent researchers selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the quality of the studies. Meta-analyses of the outcomes were performed using a random effects model. Results. From 1,988 retrieved records, five were included in present review. The studies assessed students&apos; impressions about the PBL method and compared student grades on the midterm and final examinations. PBL students performed better on midterm examinations (odds ratio [OR] = 1.46; confidence interval [IC] 95%: 1.16, 1.89) and final examinations (OR = 1.60; IC 95%: 1.06, 2.43) compared with students in the traditional learning groups. No difference was found between the groups in the subjective evaluations. Conclusion. pharmacy students&apos; knowledge was improved by the PBL method. Pharmaceutical education courses should consider implementing PBL

Problem-Based Learning in Pharmaceutical Education: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective. To assess the effects of problem-based learning (PBL) on the learning achievements of pharmacy students. Methods. We searched for controlled studies that compared PBL to traditional learning in pharmacy courses (graduate and undergraduate) in the major literature databases up to January 2014. Two independent researchers selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the quality of the studies. Meta-analyses of the outcomes were performed using a random effects model. Results. From 1,988 retrieved records, five were included in present review. The studies assessed students’ impressions about the PBL method and compared student grades on the midterm and final examinations. PBL students performed better on midterm examinations (odds ratio [OR]=1.46; confidence interval [IC] 95%: 1.16, 1.89) and final examinations (OR=1.60; IC 95%: 1.06, 2.43) compared with students in the traditional learning groups. No difference was found between the groups in the subjective evaluations. Conclusion. pharmacy students’ knowledge was improved by the PBL method. Pharmaceutical education courses should consider implementing PBL