PICACS: self-consistent modelling of galaxy cluster scaling relations

In this paper, we introduce PICACS, a physically-motivated, internally consistent model of scaling relations between galaxy cluster masses and their observable properties. This model can be used to constrain simultaneously the form, scatter (including its covariance) and evolution of the scaling relations, as well as the masses of the individual clusters. In this framework, scaling relations between observables (such as that between X-ray luminosity and temperature) are modelled explicitly in terms of the fundamental mass-observable scaling relations, and so are fully constrained without being fit directly. We apply the PICACS model to two observational datasets, and show that it performs as well as traditional regression methods for simply measuring individual scaling relation parameters, but reveals additional information on the processes that shape the relations while providing self-consistent mass constraints. Our analysis suggests that the observed combination of slopes of the scaling relations can be described by a deficit of gas in low-mass clusters that is compensated for by elevated gas temperatures, such that the total thermal energy of the gas in a cluster of given mass remains close to self-similar expectations. This is interpreted as the result of AGN feedback removing low entropy gas from low mass systems, while heating the remaining gas. We deconstruct the luminosity-temperature (LT) relation and show that its steepening compared to self-similar expectations can be explained solely by this combination of gas depletion and heating in low mass systems, without any additional contribution from a mass dependence of the gas structure. Finally, we demonstrate that a self-consistent analysis of the scaling relations leads to an expectation of self-similar evolution of the LT relation that is significantly weaker than is commonly assumed.Comment: Updated to match published version. Improvements to presentation of results, and treatment of scatter and covariance. Main conclusions unchange

The Lx-Yx Relation: Using Galaxy Cluster X-Ray Luminosity as a Robust, Low Scatter Mass Proxy

We use a sample of 115 galaxy clusters at 0.1<z<1.3 observed with Chandra ACIS-I to investigate the relation between luminosity and Yx (the product of gas mass and temperature). The scatter in the relation is dominated by cluster cores, and a tight LY relation (11% intrinsic scatter in Lx) is recovered if sufficiently large core regions (0.15R500) are excluded. The intrinsic scatter is well described by a lognormal distribution and the relations are consistent for relaxed and disturbed/merging clusters. We investigate the LY relation in low-quality data (e.g. for clusters detected in X-ray survey data) by estimating Lx from soft band count rates, and find that the scatter increases somewhat to 21%. We confirm the tight correlation between Yx and mass and the self-similar evolution of that scaling relation out to z=0.6 for a subset of clusters in our sample with mass estimates from the literature. This is used to estimate masses for the entire sample and hence measure the LM relation. We find that the scatter in the LM relation is much lower than previous estimates, due to the full removal of cluster cores and more robust mass estimates. For high-redshift clusters the scatter in the LM relation remains low if cluster cores are not excluded. These results suggest that cluster masses can be reliably estimated from simple luminosity measurements in low quality data where direct mass estimates, or measurements of Yx are not possible. This has important applications in the estimation of cosmological parameters from X-ray cluster surveys.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures. ApJ in press. Replaced to match published version. Added new section testing the Yx-M relation for clusters with masses in literature. Scaling relation parameters are updated to reflect updates to the cluster sample. Conclusions unchange

The evolution of the cluster X-ray scaling relations in the WARPS sample at 0.6<z<1.0

The X-ray properties of a sample of 11 high-redshift (0.6<z<1.0) clusters observed with Chandra and/or XMM are used to investigate the evolution of the cluster scaling relations. The observed evolution of the L-T and M-L relations is consistent with simple self-similar predictions, in which the properties of clusters reflect the properties of the universe at their redshift of observation. When the systematic effect of assuming isothermality on the derived masses of the high-redshift clusters is taken into account, the high-redshift M-T and Mgas-T relations are also consistent with self-similar evolution. Under the assumption that the model of self-similar evolution is correct and that the local systems formed via a single spherical collapse, the high-redshift L-T relation is consistent with the high-z clusters having formed at a significantly higher redshift than the local systems. The data are also consistent with the more realistic scenario of clusters forming via the continuous accretion of material. The slope of the L-T relation at high-redshift (B=3.29+/-0.38) is consistent with the local relation, and significantly steeper then the self-similar prediction of B=2. This suggests that the non-gravitational processes causing the steepening occurred at z>1 or in the early stages of the clusters' formation, prior to their observation. The properties of the intra-cluster medium at high-redshift are found to be similar to those in the local universe. The mean surface-brightness profile slope for the sample is 0.66+/-0.05, the mean gas mass fractions within R2500 and R200 are 0.073+/-0.010 and 0.12+/-0.02 respectively, and the mean metallicity of the sample is 0.28+/-0.16 solar.Comment: 23 pages, 17 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Revised to match accepted version: reanalysed data with latest calibrations, several minor changes. Conclusions unchange

High angular resolution observation of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect in the massive z=0.83 cluster ClJ0152-1357

X-ray observations of galaxy clusters at high redshift (z>0.5) indicate that they are more morphologically complex and less virialized than those at low-redshift. We present the first subarcmin resolution at 18 GHz observations of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect for ClJ0152-1357 using the Australia Telescope Compact Array. ClJ0152-1357 is a massive cluster at redshift z=0.83 and has a complex structure including several merging subclumps which have been studied at optical, X-ray, and radio wavelengths. Our high-resolution observations indicate a clear displacement of the maximum SZ effect from the peak of X-ray emission for the most massive sub-clump. This result shows that the cluster gas within the cluster substructures is not virialised in ClJ0152-1357 and we suggest that it is still recovering from a recent merger event. A similar offset of the SZ effect has been recently seen in the `bullet cluster' by Malu et al. This non-equilibrium situation implies that high resolution observations are necessary to investigate galaxy cluster evolution, and to extract cosmological constraints from a comparison of the SZ effect and X-ray signals.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, submitted to ApJ

Lessons Learned About Developing and Coordinating an Instruction Program with Freshman Composition

In the Spring of 2001, the Oregon State University Libraries began planning for a collaboration with the university\u27s freshman composition program. In implementing this project, with no additional library resources, and with the majority of library faculty less experienced in working with freshman students, the coordinators of the program learned numerous lessons which highlighted both the steps needed in initiating and maintaining a new instruction program, and the functions and competencies vital to providing instructional leadership and coordination in an academic library. The following case study describes the process that the coordinators of this instruction program followed, and will discuss the important role that library instruction coordinators have to play in starting a new program of library instruction

Images, structural properties and metal abundances of galaxy clusters observed with Chandra ACIS-I at 0.1<z<1.3

We have assembled a sample of 115 galaxy clusters at 0.1<z<1.3 with archived Chandra ACIS-I observations. We present X-ray images of the clusters and make available region files containing contours of the smoothed X-ray emission. The structural properties of the clusters were investigated and we found a significant absence of relaxed clusters (as determined by centroid shift measurements) at z>0.5. The slope of the surface brightness profiles at large radii were steeper on average by 15% than the slope obtained by fitting a simple beta-model to the emission. This slope was also found to be correlated with cluster temperature, with some indication that the correlation is weaker for the clusters at z>0.5. We measured the mean metal abundance of the cluster gas as a function of redshift and found significant evolution, with the abundances dropping by 50% between z=0.1 and z~1. This evolution was still present (although less significant) when the cluster cores were excluded from the abundance measurements, indicating that the evolution is not solely due to the disappearance of relaxed, cool core clusters (which are known to have enhanced core metal abundances) from the population at z>0.5.Comment: 23 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJS. Updated to match published version. Redshifts of two clusters (RXJ1701 and CL0848) corrected and two observations of MACSJ0744.8 have been combined into one. Conclusions unchanged. A version with images of all of the clusters is available at http://hea-www.harvard.edu/~bmaughan/clusters.htm

Not in education, employment and training: pathways from toddler difficult temperament

Background: Youths disengaged from the education system and labour force (i.e. ‘Not in Education, Employment, or Training’ or ‘NEET’) are often at reduced capacity to flourish and thrive as adults. Developmental precursors to NEET status may extend back to temperamental features, though this – and possible mediators of such associations such as attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) symptoms and antisocial behaviours (ASB) – have yet to be directly tested. This study investigates if i) difficult temperament in toddlerhood associates with NEET status in adulthood and ii) different subdomains of ADHD (i.e. hyperactivity-impulsivity vs. inattention) in late childhood and ASB in adolescence partially explain this pathway. Methods: Participants were 6,240 mother-child dyads (60.7% female) from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Mothers reported on their child’s (a) difficult temperament (i.e. mood, intensity and adaptability) at age 2 and (b) ADHD symptoms at ages 8 and 10. Participants reported their own ASB at age 14 and NEET status in adulthood (ages 18, 20, 22 and 23). Results: First, higher levels of difficult temperament in toddlerhood directly associated with an increased probability of being NEET in adulthood. Second, this effect was carried through hyperactivity-impulsivity, but not inattention, in late childhood, and ASB in adolescence; this demonstrates differential contribution to the pathway between the ADHD dimensions, with symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity playing a prominent role. Conclusions: Early difficult temperament is a vulnerability factor for NEET status in adulthood. Our findings suggest that one developmental pathway for this vulnerability manifests through increased hyperactivity-impulsivity in childhood and ASB in adolescence. Of note, difficult temperament, as measured here, reflects difficulties in emotional and behavioural self-control (e.g. low adaptability and high intensity negative emotional expressions). Our results, therefore, suggest a prominent developmental role for lack of self-control from toddlerhood onwards in increasing risk for NEET