Salsalate activates brown adipose tissue in mice

Salsalate improves glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes patients, but the mechanism is still unknown. The aim of the current study was to unravel the molecular mechanisms involved in these beneficial metabolic effects of salsalate by treating mice with salsalate during and after development of high-fat diet-induced obesity. We found that salsalate attenuated and reversed high-fat diet-induced weight gain, in particular fat mass accumulation, improved glucose tolerance, and lowered plasma triglyceride levels. Mechanistically, salsalate selectively promoted the uptake of fatty acids from glycerol tri[(3)H]oleate-labeled lipoprotein-like emulsion particles by brown adipose tissue (BAT), decreased the intracellular lipid content in BAT, and increased rectal temperature, all pointing to more active BAT. The treatment of differentiated T37i brown adipocytes with salsalate increased uncoupled respiration. Moreover, salsalate upregulated Ucp1 expression and enhanced glycerol release, a dual effect that was abolished by the inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). In conclusion, salsalate activates BAT, presumably by directly activating brown adipocytes via the PKA pathway, suggesting a novel mechanism that may explain its beneficial metabolic effects in type 2 diabetes patient

Niacin Reduces Atherosclerosis Development in APOE*3Leiden.CETP Mice Mainly by Reducing NonHDL-Cholesterol

<div><p>Objective</p><p>Niacin potently lowers triglycerides, mildly decreases LDL-cholesterol, and largely increases HDL-cholesterol. Despite evidence for an atheroprotective effect of niacin from previous small clinical studies, the large outcome trials, AIM-HIGH and HPS2-THRIVE did not reveal additional beneficial effects of niacin (alone or in combination with laropiprant) on top of statin treatment. We aimed to address this apparent discrepancy by investigating the effects of niacin without and with simvastatin on atherosclerosis development and determine the underlying mechanisms, in APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice, a model for familial dysbetalipoproteinemia (FD).</p><p>Approach and Results</p><p>Mice were fed a western-type diet containing cholesterol without or with niacin (120 mg/kg/day), simvastatin (36 mg/kg/day) or their combination for 18 weeks. Similarly as in FD patients, niacin reduced total cholesterol by -39% and triglycerides by −50%, (both P<0.001). Simvastatin and the combination reduced total cholesterol (−30%; −55%, P<0.001) where the combination revealed a greater reduction compared to simvastatin (−36%, P<0.001). Niacin decreased total cholesterol and triglycerides primarily by increasing VLDL clearance. Niacin increased HDL-cholesterol (+28%, P<0.01) and mildly increased reverse cholesterol transport. All treatments reduced monocyte adhesion to the endothelium (−46%; −47%, P<0.01; −53%, P<0.001), atherosclerotic lesion area (−78%; −49%, P<0.01; −87%, P<0.001) and severity. Compared to simvastatin, the combination increased plaque stability index [(SMC+collagen)/macrophages] (3-fold, P<0.01). Niacin and the combination reduced T cells in the aortic root (−71%, P<0.01; −81%, P<0.001). Lesion area was strongly predicted by nonHDL-cholesterol (R² = 0.69, P<0.001) and to a much lesser extent by HDL-cholesterol (R² = 0.20, P<0.001).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Niacin decreases atherosclerosis development mainly by reducing nonHDL-cholesterol with modest HDL-cholesterol-raising and additional anti-inflammatory effects. The additive effect of niacin on top of simvastatin is mostly dependent on its nonHDL-cholesterol-lowering capacities. These data suggest that clinical beneficial effects of niacin are largely dependent on its ability to lower LDL-cholesterol on top of concomitant lipid-lowering therapy.</p></div

Prolonged niacin treatment leads to increased adipose tissue PUFA synthesis and anti-inflammatory lipid and oxylipin plasma profile

Prolonged niacin treatment elicits beneficial effects on the plasma lipid and lipoprotein profile that is associated with a protective CVD risk profile. Acute niacin treatment inhibits nonesterified fatty acid release from adipocytes and stimulates prostaglandin release from skin Langerhans cells, but the acute effects diminish upon prolonged treatment, while the beneficial effects remain. To gain insight in the prolonged effects of niacin on lipid metabolism in adipocytes, we used a mouse model with a human-like lipoprotein metabolism and drug response [female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP (apoE3 Leiden cholesteryl ester transfer protein) mice] treated with and without niacin for 15 weeks. The gene expression profile of gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT) from niacin-treated mice showed an upregulation of the “biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids” pathway, which was corroborated by quantitative PCR and analysis of the FA ratios in gWAT. Also, adipocytes from niacin-treated mice secreted more of the PUFA DHA ex vivo. This resulted in an increased DHA/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio in the adipocyte FA secretion profile and in plasma of niacin-treated mice. Interestingly, the DHA metabolite 19,20-dihydroxy docosapentaenoic acid (19,20-diHDPA) was increased in plasma of niacin-treated mice. Both an increased DHA/AA ratio and increased 19,20-diHDPA are indicative for an anti-inflammatory profile and may indirectly contribute to the atheroprotective lipid and lipoprotein profile associated with prolonged niacin treatment

Reanalysis of mGWAS results and in vitro validation show that lactate dehydrogenase interacts with branched-chain amino acid metabolism

Diabetes mellitus: pathophysiological changes and therap

Effect of niacin on VLDL production and clearance.

<p>To determine VLDL production, mice were injected with Trans³⁵S label and tyloxapol and the accumulation of TG in plasma (A) and the production rate of VLDL-TG and apoB, as well as VLDL lipidation, defined as the ratio of VLDL-TG/apoB, were determined (B). To determine VLDL clearance, mice were injected with glycerol tri[³H]oleate- and [¹⁴C]cholesteryl oleate-labeled VLDL-like emulsion particles. Plasma ³H-activity was determined as percentage of the initial dose (C), and uptake of ³H-activity by various organs was determined as percentage of the injected dose per gram wet tissue (D). (BAT, brown adipose tissue; gonWAT, gonadal white adipose tissue; subWAT, subcutaneous white adipose tissue; visWAT, visceral white adipose tissue; values are means ± SD; n = 6 per group for VLDL production and n = 3–5 per group for VLDL clearance; *P<0.05 as compared to control).</p

The effect of niacin, simvastatin and their combination on plasma CETP activity after 4 and 18 weeks of treatment, as well as plasma CETP mass and hepatic CETP expression after 18 weeks of treatment.

<p>CETP, cholesteryl ester transfer protein; Simva, simvastatin. Values are means ± SD (n = 15 per group for plasma CETP activity and mass and n = 6–8 per group for hepatic CETP expression). **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 as compared to control.</p

Effect of niacin, simvastatin and their combination on plasma lipid levels.

<p>Plasma total cholesterol (A), triglycerides (B) and HDL-cholesterol levels were measured at various time points throughout the study. The average HDL-cholesterol levels were calculated for all the treatment groups (C). Lipoproteins were separated by FPLC and cholesterol was measured in the fractions after 18 weeks of treatment (D). (Simva, simvastatin; values are means ± SD; n = 15 per group; **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 as compared to control; ^#P<0.05 and ^###P<0.001 as compared to niacin+simvastatin).</p

Effect of niacin, simvastatin and their combination on monocyte adhesion and T cell number.

<p>The number of monocytes adhering to the endothelium (A) and the number of T cells in the aortic root area (B) were determined per cross section. (Simva, simvastatin; values are means ± SD; n = 15 per group; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 as compared to control; ^###P<0.001 as compared to niacin+simvastatin).</p

Effect of niacin, simvastatin and their combination on plaque morphology.

<p>Representative images of hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron-stained atherosclerotic lesions in a cross section of the aortic root area for the control group (A), niacin group (B), simvastatin group (C) and the combination group (D) after 18 weeks of treatment.</p