1,381 research outputs found
Employeesâ Financial Insecurity and Health: The Underlying Role of Stress and WorkâFamily Conflict Appraisals
Data from two longitudinal samples were utilized to elucidate underlying mechanisms of the wellâestablished relationship between financial insecurity and health outcomes, stemming from the theoretical rationale of conservation of resources and cognitive appraisal theories. Study 1 (n = 80) consisted of lowâwage food manufacturing employees working full time, while Study 2 (n = 331) was consisted of a larger, heterogeneous sample of fullâtime workers representing multiple occupations. Respondents were surveyed on financial insecurity, workâtoâfamily conflict (WFC), stress, and health outcomes at two time periods, 3 months apart. Results across our studies provided support for the direct effects of financial insecurity on WFC and stress. In addition, appraisals of WFC and stress serve as significant mediators of the relationship between financial insecurity and health outcomes, including a significant overall lagged effect across time, and perceived stress accounting for the largest proportion of variance in the lagged relationship among Time 1 financial insecurity and Time 2 health outcomes. Besides support for conservation of resources and cognitive appraisal theories, practically, our studies suggest that workplace initiatives to reduce financial insecurity could positively influence employeesâ workâfamily, stress, and health experiences
The Neural Extracellular Matrix, Cell Adhesion Molecules and Proteolysis in Glioma Invasion and Tumorigenicity
The Temporal Dynamics Between Work Stressors And Health Behaviors
Applying dynamic equilibrium theory (DET), we examined the temporal dynamics between role overload and three health behaviors (sleep, diet, physical activity). Participants (N = 781) completed five surveys, with 1-month lag between assessments, and the data were analyzed using general cross-lagged panel modeling (GCLM). Results indicated that people had stable health behavior patterns (i.e., there were strong unit effects) that were related to stable role overload patterns (i.e., the chronic role overload and health behavior factors were significantly related). Furthermore, while monthly increases (impulses) in role overload had a negative effect on health behaviors concurrently, health behaviors quickly adapted or regressed back toward previous levels (i.e., there were weak autoregressive and cross-lagged effects after accounting for chronic factors). Impulse response functions were created to show the specific proportion of the initial impulse effect that persisted on each health behavior over time. The results of these response functions indicated that diet and physical activity regressed back to previous levels within 1 month, whereas sleep regressed back to previous levels within 2 months. Collectively, our results suggest that people engage in fairly stable patterns of health behaviors and that these patterns are partly determined by chronic role overload. Our results also suggest that people are generally resilient to temporary changes in role overload, such that the resulting immediate changes in behavior do not persist or become habitual. These results underscore the strength of habits and the resistance to health behavior change, as well as provide support for the use of GCLM for studying DET
A methodological survey of future mobility literature: Opportunities for design research
Online communities have fundamentally changed how humans connected and are now so common they are fundamental to the human experience. As the Internet developed for Web 1.0 to Web 2.0, the functionality of these communities has far exceeded initial expectations. These communities have shifted from simply places to share information to ways to access products and services that bridge the online and offline worlds. This shift has led to the disruption of many industries with the transportation industry being one such sector. Both private transport providers and public transport systems face competition from online communities who are able to link services providers and customers more effectively and innovatively. These types of communities fall under what has been popularised as collaborative consumption or the sharing economy. The aim of this study is to explore the role of Design-led Innovation in the creation of digital futures, specifically online connected communities for successful new mobility solutions. To explore this proposition multiple data collection methods are proposed;Content Analysis, ii) A Comparative Qualitative Study consisting of Qualitative Interviews and Focus Groups / Design Workshops and iii) An Action Research Cycle of Embedded Practice. The multidisciplinary nature of this study grounds this research in a novel position contributing to new knowledge in both the field of design, and also a deeper understanding of the larger fast-growing online community phenomena
A Psychometric Assessment of OCB: Clarifying the Distinction Between OCB and CWB and Developing a Revised OCB Measure
© 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. This study was performed to (1) assess the appropriateness of using negatively worded items in organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) scales, (2) psychometrically demonstrate the construct distinctness of OCB and counterproductive work behavior (CWB), and (3) report on a revised, short-form OCB scale. Leveraging classical test theory (CTT) and item response theory (IRT), we demonstrate that the negatively worded items from a popular OCB scale (Williams and Anderson 1991) do not measure OCB, but rather a unique construct (CWB). CTT analyses (factor analyses) indicate that the negatively worded items load onto a unique factor when the scale is analyzed on its own and load onto a CWB factor when the scale is analyzed with a CWB scale. Additionally, IRT analyses indicate that the negatively worded items exhibit lower discrimination parameters and higher levels of local independence than the positively worded items, and similar discrimination parameters and levels of local independence as the CWB items. In turn, IRT analyses were used to identify the best items from the OCB scale to create a revised, short-form scale. The short-form scale showed comparable or improved convergent and discriminant validity and internal consistency reliability, as well as similar patterns of psychometric information yielded from IRT analyses, compared to the original scale. In short, the revised measure better aligns with conceptual definitions of OCB, demonstrates acceptable psychometric characteristics, and, given its reduced length, is of more practical value to researchers wishing to assess this construct within different types of research designs (e.g., longitudinal, multi-source)
Leading When Overweight: the Influence of Supervisor Body Weight on Subordinatesâ Perceptions and Citizenship Behaviors
Integrating the stereotype content model, attribution theory, and social exchange theory, we examined the perceptions underlying bias towards overweight supervisors and the effect of supervisor weight on the workplace behaviors of subordinates. Study 1 (N = 204) confirmed that supervisors are subject to weight bias, such that supervisor weight is negatively related to subordinatesâ perceptions of supervisor competence. In turn, Study 2 (N = 829) and Study 3 (N = 226) demonstrated that supervisor weight indirectly influences subordinatesâ perceptions of the subordinate-supervisor relationship (leader-member exchange) and important reciprocal workplace behaviors (organizational citizenship behaviors). Furthermore, in predicting perceptions of competence, we found no interaction between supervisor weight and supervisor status, subordinate weight, or supervisor gender. We also found that supervisor weight does not influence perceptions of supervisor warmth and that the relationship between supervisor weight and perceptions of supervisor competence is linear
On the experimental verification of quantum complexity in linear optics
The first quantum technologies to solve computational problems that are
beyond the capabilities of classical computers are likely to be devices that
exploit characteristics inherent to a particular physical system, to tackle a
bespoke problem suited to those characteristics. Evidence implies that the
detection of ensembles of photons, which have propagated through a linear
optical circuit, is equivalent to sampling from a probability distribution that
is intractable to classical simulation. However, it is probable that the
complexity of this type of sampling problem means that its solution is
classically unverifiable within a feasible number of trials, and the task of
establishing correct operation becomes one of gathering sufficiently convincing
circumstantial evidence. Here, we develop scalable methods to experimentally
establish correct operation for this class of sampling algorithm, which we
implement with two different types of optical circuits for 3, 4, and 5 photons,
on Hilbert spaces of up to 50,000 dimensions. With only a small number of
trials, we establish a confidence >99% that we are not sampling from a uniform
distribution or a classical distribution, and we demonstrate a unitary specific
witness that functions robustly for small amounts of data. Like the algorithmic
operations they endorse, our methods exploit the characteristics native to the
quantum system in question. Here we observe and make an application of a
"bosonic clouding" phenomenon, interesting in its own right, where photons are
found in local groups of modes superposed across two locations. Our broad
approach is likely to be practical for all architectures for quantum
technologies where formal verification methods for quantum algorithms are
either intractable or unknown.Comment: Comments welcom
Sensory Deprivation Alters Aggrecan and Perineuronal Net Expression in the Mouse Barrel Cortex
An important role for the neural extracellular matrix in modulating cortical activity-dependent synaptic plasticity has been established by a number of recent studies. However, identification of the critical molecular components of the neural matrix that mediate these processes is far from complete. Of particular interest is the perineuronal net (PN), an extracellular matrix component found surrounding the cell body and proximal neurites of a subset of neurons. Because of the apposition of thePNto synapses and expression of this structure coincident with the close of the critical period, it has been hypothesized that nets could play uniquely important roles in synapse stabilization and maturation. Interestingly, previous work has also shown that expression of PNs is dependent on appropriate sensory stimulation in the visual system. Here, we investigated whether PNs in the mouse barrel cortex are expressed in an activity-dependent manner by manipulating sensory input through whisker trimming. Importantly, this manipulation did not lead to a global loss of PNs but instead led to a specific decrease in PNs, detected with the antibody Cat-315, in layer IV of the barrel cortex. In addition, we identified a key activity-regulated component of PNs is the proteoglycan aggrecan. We also demonstrate that these Cat-315-positive neurons virtually all also express parvalbumin. Together, these data are in support of an important role for aggrecan in the activity-dependent formation of PNs on parvalbumin-expressing cells and suggest a role for expression of these nets in regulating the close of the critical period
3D correlative light and electron microscopy of cultured cells using serial blockface scanning electron microscopy
The processes of life take place in multiple dimensions, but imaging
these processes in even three dimensions is challenging. Here, we
describe a workflow for 3D correlative light and electron microscopy
(CLEM) of cell monolayers using fluorescence microscopy to identify
and follow biological events, combined with serial blockface scanning
electron microscopy to analyse the underlying ultrastructure. The
workflow encompasses all steps from cell culture to sample
processing, imaging strategy, and 3D image processing and
analysis. We demonstrate successful application of the workflow to
three studies, each aiming to better understand complex and dynamic
biological processes, including bacterial and viral infections of
cultured cells and formation of entotic cell-in-cell structures
commonly observed in tumours. Our workflow revealed new insight
into the replicative niche of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in primary
human lymphatic endothelial cells, HIV-1 in human monocytederived
macrophages, and the composition of the entotic vacuole.
The broad application of this 3D CLEM technique will make it a useful
addition to the correlative imaging toolbox for biomedical research
Schoolâbased interventions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review with multiple synthesis methods
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via the DOI in this record.Non-pharmacological interventions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are useful
treatments, but it is unclear how effective school-based interventions are for a range of outcomes
and which features of interventions are most effective. This paper systematically reviews
randomized controlled trial evidence of the effectiveness of interventions for children with
ADHD in school settings. Three methods of synthesis were used to explore the effectiveness of
interventions, whether certain types of interventions are more effective than others and which
components of interventions lead to effective academic outcomes. Twenty-eight studies (n=1,807)
were included in the review. Eight types of interventions were evaluated and a range of different
ADHD symptoms, difficulties and school outcomes were assessed across studies. Meta-analysis
demonstrated beneficial effects for interventions that combine multiple features (median effect
size g=0.37, interquartile range 0.32, range 0.09 to 1.13) and suggest some promise for daily
report card interventions (median g=0.0.62, IQR=0.25, range 0.13 to 1.62). Meta-regression
analyses did not give a consistent message regarding which types of interventions were more
effective than others. Finally, qualitative comparative analysis demonstrated that self-regulation
and one-to-one intervention delivery were important components of interventions that were
effective for academic outcomes. These two components were not sufficient though; when they
appeared with personalisation for individual recipients and delivery in the classroom, or when
interventions did not aim to improve child relationships, interventions were effective. This review
provides updated information about the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions
specific to school settings and gives tentative messages about important features of these
interventions for academic outcomes
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