Acceptable ungrammaticality in sentence matching

This paper presents results from a new set of experiments using the sentence matching paradigm (Forster, Kenneth (1979), Freedman & Forster (1985), also Bley-Vroman & Masterson (1989), investigating native-speakers’ and L2 learners’ knowledge of constraints on clitic placement in French.1 Our purpose is three-fold: (i) to shed more light on the contrasts between native-speakers and L2 learners observed in previous experiments, especially Duffield & White (1999), and Duffield, White, Bruhn de Garavito, Montrul & Prévost (2002); (ii), to address specific criticisms of the sentence-matching paradigm leveled by Gass (2001); (iii), to provide a firm empirical basis for follow-up experiments with L2 learner

Computing in String Field Theory Using the Moyal Star Product

Using the Moyal star product, we define open bosonic string field theory carefully, with a cutoff, for any number of string oscillators and any oscillator frequencies. Through detailed computations, such as Neumann coefficients for all string vertices, we show that the Moyal star product is all that is needed to give a precise definition of string field theory. The formulation of the theory as well as the computation techniques are considerably simpler in the Moyal formulation. After identifying a monoid algebra as a fundamental mathematical structure in string field theory, we use it as a tool to compute with ease the field configurations for wedge, sliver, and generalized projectors, as well as all the string interaction vertices for perturbative as well as monoid-type nonperturbative states. Finally, in the context of VSFT we analyze the small fluctuations around any D-brane vacuum. We show quite generally that to obtain nontrivial mass and coupling, as well as a closed strings, there must be an associativity anomaly. We identify the detailed source of the anomaly, but leave its study for future work.Comment: 77 pages, LaTeX. v3: corrections of signs or factors (for a list of corrections see beginning of source file

Effects of mechanical rotation on spin currents

We study the Pauli--Schr\"odinger equation in a uniformly rotating frame of reference to describe a coupling of spins and mechanical rotations. The explicit form of the spin-orbit interaction (SOI) with the inertial effects due to the mechanical rotation is presented. We derive equations of motion for a wavepacket of electrons in two-dimensional planes subject to the SOI. The solution is a superposition of two cyclotron motions with different frequencies and a circular spin current is created by the mechanical rotation.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

Associativity Anomaly in String Field Theory

We give a detailed study of the associativity anomaly in open string field theory from the viewpoint of the split string and Moyal formalisms. The origin of the anomaly is reduced to the properties of the special infinite size matrices which relate the conventional open string to the split string variables, and is intimately related to midpoint issues. We discuss two steps to cope with the anomaly. We identify the field subspace that causes the anomaly which is related to the existence of closed string configurations, and indicate a decomposition of open/closed string sectors. We then propose a consistent cut off method with a finite number of string modes that guarantees associativity at every step of any computation.Comment: 24 pages, LaTe

Magnetic Fields and Passive Scalars in Polyakov's Conformal Turbulence

Polyakov has suggested that two dimensional turbulence might be described by a minimal model of conformal field theory. However, there are many minimal models satisfying the same physical inputs as Polyakov's solution (p,q)=(2,21). Dynamical magnetic fields and passive scalars pose different physical requirements. For large magnetic Reynolds number other minimal models arise. The simplest one, (p,q)=(2,13) makes reasonable predictions that may be tested in the astrophysical context. In particular, the equipartition theorem between magnetic and kinetic energies does not hold: the magnetic one dominates at larger distances.Comment: 12 pages, UR-1296, ER-745-4068

Classical A_n--W-Geometry

This is a detailed development for the $A_n$ case, of our previous article entitled "W-Geometries" to be published in Phys. Lett. It is shown that the $A_n$--W-geometry corresponds to chiral surfaces in $CP^n$. This is comes out by discussing 1) the extrinsic geometries of chiral surfaces (Frenet-Serret and Gauss-Codazzi equations) 2) the KP coordinates (W-parametrizations) of the target-manifold, and their fermionic (tau-function) description, 3) the intrinsic geometries of the associated chiral surfaces in the Grassmannians, and the associated higher instanton- numbers of W-surfaces. For regular points, the Frenet-Serret equations for $CP^n$--W-surfaces are shown to give the geometrical meaning of the $A_n$-Toda Lax pair, and of the conformally-reduced WZNW models, and Drinfeld-Sokolov equations. KP coordinates are used to show that W-transformations may be extended as particular diffeomorphisms of the target-space. This leads to higher-dimensional generalizations of the WZNW and DS equations. These are related with the Zakharov- Shabat equations. For singular points, global Pl\"ucker formulae are derived by combining the $A_n$-Toda equations with the Gauss-Bonnet theorem written for each of the associated surfaces.Comment: (60 pages

Remark about string field for general configuration of N D-instantons

In this paper we would like to suggest matrix form of the string field for any configuration of N D-instantons in bosonic string field theory.Comment: 17 pages, R1:corrected some typos, reference adde

Structure of the Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov state in two-dimensional superconductors

Nonuniform superconducting state due to strong spin magnetism is studied in two-dimensional type-II superconductors near the second order phase transition line between the normal and the superconducting states. The optimum spatial structure of the orderparameter is examined in systems with cylindrical symmetric Fermi surfaces. It is found that states with two-dimensional structures have lower free energies than the traditional one-dimensional solutions, at low temperatures and high magnetic fields. For s-wave pairing, triangular, square, hexagonal states are favored depending on the temperature, while square states are favored at low temperatures for d-wave pairing. In these states, orderparameters have two-dimensional structures such as square and triangular lattices.Comment: 11 pages (LaTeX, revtex.sty), 3 figures; added reference

Toe metastasis: A rare pattern of cervical cancer spread

• Toe metastasis is a rare pattern of cervical cancer spread. • Enlarged erythematous toe is an important sign suggesting bone metastasis. • Toe metastasis represents a grave prognostic indicator of cervical cancer