Section 303 Stock Repurchase vs. Accumulated Earnings Tax

This article looks into the situation in which Section 303 is beign planned for use in a corporation that is over-capitalized. Under its provisions the stockholder of a closely held corporation can look to the corporation to purchase sufficient shares of his stock in order to permit his executor to pay estate and inheritance taxes, executor\u27s and attorney\u27s fees and funeral expenses. The asset, his stock in the closed corporation, which has chiefly caused this stockholder\u27s estate problem, will be used to solve it

Status, Excuses, and Justifications

The authors conducted experimental research on the acceptability of excuses (a personal account of making a procedural error) and justifications (an argument for what the violator had done) for norm violation. The actor offering the account or justification was either equated with the subjects on education or had an advantage on that characteristic. Results showed that status advantage increased the acceptance of the justification but reduced the acceptance of the excuse. This WP is a follow-up to research by Massey, Freeman and Zelditch (1997).We wish to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation Grant #9022774 for the study of "Status, Poser, and Accounts.

Northern Neck Regional Shallow Draft Channel Dredging Plan: Initial Phase

The purpose of this project is to develop a regional dredging program for the localities of the Northern Neck. This report encompasses Phase 1 of the project, which included creating a database of waterbodies in Lancaster, Northumberland, Richmond, and Westmoreland Counties and the Town of Colonial Beach along the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers and Chesapeake Bay. Generally, these waterbodies can be categorized into three basic types of shallow draft channels: federally-authorized to include aids to navigation (ATONS), non-federal with ATONS, and non-federal without ATONs. Along the Northern Neck, presently identified, are 13 federal channels, 37 non-federal channels in creeks with ATONs, and 92 in creeks without defined channels or ATONs, for a total of 142 waterbodies. Additional non-federal creeks, coves, branches, and ponds (all are interchangeably identified as waterbodies in this report) occur in these localities, but the analysis was limited to waterbodies that had some residential or economic usage. These waterbodies occur in Lancaster (35 waterbodies), Northumberland (67 waterbodies), Richmond (4 waterbodies), and Westmoreland (31 waterbodies) counties. To avoid double counting of waterbodies, 5 additional waterbodies that are located on the boundaries of these counties were attributed to just one county for this report. These waterbodies have been grouped within one of their boundary counties bringing the number of waterbodies in Lancaster to 38 and Westmoreland to 33. Physical parameter data was collected or created for each of these waterbodies. These data included creek mouth morphology, amount of shoaling in the waterbody mouth, waterbody type (primary, secondary, etc.), water surface area, combined shoreline length, historical (1971- 2020) and current (2016-2020) SAV presence, private and public oyster lease presence and the amount of area they cover, number of remotely-sensed coastal structures such as piers, marinas, boat ramps, and verified economic facilities such as marinas and other mooring places, resource, seafood related, and transportation facilities that impact the locality’s economics. Utilizing the collected data, the steps that localities need to take for additional data collection to develop a dredging project were outlined, and recommendations were made for additional regional management considerations for use in Phases 2 and 3. Finally, next steps were suggested. By creating a regional program for dredging of shallow water, localities can save time, effort, and money. Such a program also provides ways for localities to plan for the utilization of dredge material to combat repetitive flooding and improve coastal resiliency

The evolution of interdisciplinarity in physics research

Science, being a social enterprise, is subject to fragmentation into groups that focus on specialized areas or topics. Often new advances occur through cross-fertilization of ideas between sub-fields that otherwise have little overlap as they study dissimilar phenomena using different techniques. Thus to explore the nature and dynamics of scientific progress one needs to consider the large-scale organization and interactions between different subject areas. Here, we study the relationships between the sub-fields of Physics using the Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme (PACS) codes employed for self-categorization of articles published over the past 25 years (1985-2009). We observe a clear trend towards increasing interactions between the different sub-fields. The network of sub-fields also exhibits core-periphery organization, the nucleus being dominated by Condensed Matter and General Physics. However, over time Interdisciplinary Physics is steadily increasing its share in the network core, reflecting a shift in the overall trend of Physics research.Comment: Published version, 10 pages, 8 figures + Supplementary Informatio