Autecology, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus carmanicus Jalas. from Golestan Province in North of Iran

This research had been carried out to ecological characters, phytochemical, anti bacterial and antioxidant activity of Thymus carmanicus Jalas. in Golestan  province .In several field observation, the aerial parts of plant in blooming were collected from Deraznoo Mountain inSeptember 2013 (2700 m). Essential oil was obtained by hydro distillation and  analyzed by GC/MS. Phytochemical assay included: TP (total phenol) and TF (Total flavonoid) were determined by spectrophotometrically, antioxidant capacity were obtained by TAC, RP and DPPH methods and the antibacterial by using agar well method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Results showed that T. carmanicus is the most aromatic mountainous herb, which wild growing in cold dry climate (1800-2750 m) in Golestan province, with annual raining 30.5 mm, annual temperature 17.5 °C , in  sandy clay loam soil with pH= 7.5  and Ec=2.1  dc   and have long been used in traditional medicines of this region as a strong tonic, anti inflammation, carminative, anti virus, anti infection, anti fungus, anti ulcer and sedative . The carvacrol (41.4%), thymol (27.2%) and β-caryophylene were the major constituents of T. carmanicus oil , with total phenols (TP= 81.7±0.3 GAE/  g), total flavonoids (TF= 34.2±0.8 QUE/g), which had good antioxidant activity (IC50 = 21.8±0.1 µg/ml ), especially in DPPH method .The maximum activity of the essential oil was observed against Candida albicans ( 35.8±0.6 mm), S.epidermidis ( 33.1± 0.4 mm), B. subtilus ( 29.5± 0.2 mm), S.aureus ( 28.3±0.2 mm),  E.coli (23.1±0.4 mm), Enterococcus faecalis ( 17.2±0.8 mm) and Kelebsiella pneumoniae ( 16.5±0.2mm) with MIC value in the range of  10 - 132  mg/mL. According to these results, the aerial parts of plant have rich source of terpenoides , flavonoid and phenolic componds and showed  good antioxidant and antibacterial activity, which will be confirmed the traditional uses of T. carmanicus Jalas.  in these regions as an  good anti-inflammatory, sedative and anti infection

Ecological Requirenments, Essential oil Composition, Total Phenol and Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant Activity and Ethnobotanical Survey of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. in North Khorasan Razavi Province

In several field observation of this research ,the main ecological requirenments and ethnopharmacological data about  the traditional uses  of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. were recorded. The aerial parts of plant were collected in blooming from Bovanloo mountain in September 2013 (1728 m ) in North Khorasan Razavi.  Essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation and  analyzed by GC-MS. Methanolic extracts were obtained by maceration. Phytochemical assay: TP (total phenol) and TF (total flavonoid ) were determined by spectrophotometrically, antioxidant capacity were obtained by TAC, RP and DPPH methods in compare of BHT and BHA antioxidant standard. According to results, Ziziphora clinopodioides  Lam. ( Kakuti  ) is the most edible aromatic montainous herb, which wild growing in cold-dry climate (1500-1800 m) in North Khorasan Razavi province, with annual raining 288 mm, annual temperature 13.7 °C  in sandy loam soil, with pH= 7.8 and Ec=0.8  dc.  The pulegone (46.2%), menthol (10.7%), carvacrol (9.5%), 1,8-cineole (8.37%) , p-menthan-3-one (7.5) and piperitenone (5.8%) were the main constituents of plant essential oil. The amount of total phenolic (98.13±5.9  mg GAE 100 g-1 DW)  and flavonoid contents (220.9±18.65 mg QE 100g-1 DW), respectively. The highest levels of IC50 (26.5 ± 1.4 μg/ml  ) were detected in DPPH method against free radical scavenging in density of 5 μg/ml  (P< 0.05) to compare of standard antioxidant (BHT and BHA). The essential oil and methanol extract  of Ziziphora clinopodioides with high quality content and antioxidant activity can be confirmed the traditional uses of Z.clinopodioides in this provice as antiinflammation, antispasm, expectorant and antiinfection to treat of common cold, flu, fever, diarrhoae, gasterointestinal disorder and stomatchache in tea, yaghurt and doogh

An Investigation of Phytochemical, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Antioxidant Activity in Aerial Parts of Two Species of Salvia and the Effect of Environmental Factors on their Distribution in Behshahr Hezarjarib Area

The purpose of this study was an investigation of phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics in aerial parts of Salvia multicaulis Vahl and Salvia Sclarea L. and the effect of ecological factors on their distribution in Behshahr Hezarjarib area. Salvia grows wildly in the north of Iran. Literature review has shown that there is no report on phytochemical investigation about aerial parts of Salvia in north of Iran. In order to understand the relationship between vegetation and environmental factors, the PCA (Principle Component Analysis) method has been adopted. Essential oil of the aerial part of Salvia was analyzed by GC/MS. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH test. Thirteen and five components were identified representing 94.01% and 99.9% of the oils, respectively. The main compounds of Salvia multicaulis Vahl were α-Pinene (29.82), 1,8-Cineole (23.84) and Camphor (19.93) while 1,6-Cyclodecadiene (41.95) and β-Caryophyllene (36.19) were the major ingredients of Salvia Sclarea L

Ecological Requirement, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Capacity of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. in Gilan Province (North of Iran)

This study is investigate to ecological characters, ethnopharmacology, total phenols (TP), flavonoids (TF), anthocyanins (TA) contentand antioxidant capacity in leaves and fruit of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. from two natural habitats from Gilan provinve, which has been used as a heart tonic ,anti diabeteand anti tumor. Ecological requirements were obtained in many field observation, ethno pharmacological survey was carried out among the well known indigenous herbal practitioners (60-78 ages) in South west of Gilan. The leaves and fruits of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. were collected from two natural habitats (Khotbe sara,1600 m and Asalem, 1300 m) during Sep to Oct 2013, respectively. Methanol extracts were obtained by maceration, TP, TF and TA were determined by spectro photometrically, antioxidant capacity were measured  by total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reducing power (RP) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in compare of BHT and BHA antioxidant standard and Quersetin content was messured by HPLC method. Results were showed that Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. is usually wild grow in silty loam soils (1300-1600m) and its fruit was appeared from June to September  .In both regions  phenolic components  had significant variation, ranging from TP content(263.17-471.26 mg GAEg-1),TF(186.18-289.17 mg QUE g-1) , TA  (74.3- 145.29 mg CydEg-1 ) and quersetin content (136.13-218.2 ppm respectively in 1300-1600m. Generally the fruits extract especially in 1600m had more source of phenolic componds, so was showed better antioxidant capacity (IC50 value 2.98±0.51 µg/ml) to will be confirmed the traditional uses of plant in these regions as an  good anti-inflammatory and anti diabetic

Study on feasibility of sperm injection in ovarian for induced propagation of Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi)

One of the limitations in fish reproduction is the duration of sperm motility. One of the hypotheses related is the possibility that sperm survive relatively long in the female body. Therefore, in this study, the reproductive ability of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Koi fish) was investigated by direct injection of sperm into the female ovaries. Three experimental groups were investigated in this study. In the control group, fertilization was performed by the conventional method. In the second group, sperm was injected directly into the ovaries 12 hours before ovulation, and in the third group, sperm were injected 2 hours before ovulation. In each group, 2 males and 3 females were used. Fertilization was performed by the dry fertilization method, using a mixture of cow's milk and water in a 1:10 ratio to eliminate adhesion. The results showed that in groups 2 and 3, which were injected directly into the ovary 2 and 12 hours before ovulation, respectively, the percentage of fertilization did not show a significant difference (p<0.05), but the percentage of fertilization in the control group was significantly (p<0.05) higher than groups 2 and 3. The percentage of hatching and survival showed no significant difference between control group and groups 2 and 3 (p<0.05). The results showed that ovarian fluid in carp could not activate sperm for motility. In general, it can be said koi carp sperm can maintain their fertilization ability in the ovaries of female for at least 12 hours

Effect of oregano oil (Origanum Vulgare L.) on chronic rhinosinusitis: A randomized, double-blind, clinical trial

341-349According to new investigations, oregano oil nasal spray can be used to treat patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) effectively. The current study examines the incremental effect of oregano oil and the use of Persian medicine lifestyle modification (PML). 75 adult patients with CRS participated in this study; the clinical trial was done in Otolaryngology Clinic of the Fifth Azar Hospital from January 30 to June 25, 2018. A kit including saline bottle, identical PML instruction, and identical nasal sprays containing either oregano oil (intervention group), fluticasone (control group) or sesame oil (placebo group) was given to all participants for 4 weeks. The reduction of mean change in SNOT-22 scores were 51.52 (95% CI, -55.79 to -47.24), 21.60 (95% CI, -25.48 to -17.71) and 11.84 (95% CI, -13.18 to -10.51) points for those in the oregano, fluticasone and placebo group, respectively. The mean difference of oregano to fluticasone and oregano to placebo group were 29.92 (-35.78 to -24.05) to 39.68 (-45.54 to -33.81) point, respectively, in favor of the oregano group. This study shows that oregano oil results in clinically meaningful benefits beyond those of fluticasone and sesame oil for patients with CRS without nasal polyps. Nonetheless, its generalization should be explored further

Aut Ecology, Total Phenol and Total Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant Activity and Ethno-pharmacological Survey of Nigella sativa Linn. in Traditional Medicine of Golestan Province, North of Iran

Objective: Nigella sativa Linn., which grows wildly in a small region of the national park of Golestan has been used in traditional medicine of this province. In the present study we evaluated the ecological requirements, antioxidant activity, phytochemistry and conducted an ethno-pharmacological survey of Nigella sativa in traditional medicine of Golestan province. Materials and Methods: Ecological requirements and ethno-pharmacological survey were obtained in many field observation through interviews with practitioners and housewives in September 2013. The ripen seeds of Nigella sativa were collected from its natural habitat (560 m) in North east of national park of Golestan and ethanolic extract was obtained by maceration. Total phenolics (TPs) and total flavonoids (TFs) contents were determined spectrophotometrically and antioxidant activity was measured by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Results: Nigella sativa is usually grown wildly in a small region of the national park of Golestan (500-760 m), that has an average rain fall of 575.9-614.8 mm, Ec (electrical conductivity of soil) 0.73 in sandy loam soils. The TP content is 121.3 ± 0.3 mg GAE g-1, TF contents was 194.04 ± 1.65 mg QUE g-1 and antioxidant activity (IC50) was measured in 0.13 ± 0.05 mg/ml-1. Results showed that the seeds of Nigella sativa has high content of TP and TF compounds as well as antioxidant activity, confirming the traditional use of Nigella sativa by rural healers as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, anticonvulsant, antidiabetes and antitumour agent against breast cancer, hypertension and hyperglycaemia in north of Iran. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that the seed extract of Nigella sativa L. could have good antioxidant potentials to prevent or control free radicals, which can produce many current inflammatory diseases such as cancer, diabetes, coronary diseases, infection, etc. So these data confirm the traditional use of this plant with its terpenoides, flavonoid and phenolic compounds

Ecological Study, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. in Golestan province (Deraznoo Mountain), Iran

Objective: Many of Ziziphora species have been used in traditional medicine in North of Iran. This work was determined on ecological requirements, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. from Bovanloo region, Iran. Materials and Methods: Aerial parts of plant in blooming were collected from Deraznoo mountain (2500 m) in August 2013, ecological and traditional data were recorded. The aqueous and methanol extracts were isolated by maceration, antioxidant capacity were measured by total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reducing power (RP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in comparison with butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole BHA antioxidant standard and then their antibacterial activity were studied in vitro against 9 gram positive and negative bacteria by using well method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. Results: Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. (Z. clinopodioides Lam) often grows in sunny environment in Deraznoo mountain (2500 m), with annual rainfall of 334 mm and annual temperature of 10.3°C in temperate cold climate and sandy loam soil with Ec = 0.6 and pH = 6.9. It has been used by the rural people as an antispasm, anti-inflammatory, antifungal , anti-infective, sedative and expectorant agent to treat cold, flu, diarrhea, gasterointestinal disorder and stomach ache. The ethanol extract of plant had high antioxidant activity with IC50 values (32.5 ± 0.4 μg/ml) especially in DPPH assay and exhibited good antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with IZ (28.1 ± 0.5, 24.8 ± 0.1, 19.4 ± 1.1 and 14.8 ± 1 mm), respectively with high MIC value of 14.5 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Z. clinopodioides Lam. have suitable antibacterial and antioxidant activity which can be used as natural anti-infective agent to treat many infectious diseases

Ethnopharmacology, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) W. Greuter. Which Has Been Used as Remedies Antirheumatic, Anti-inflammation and Antiinfection against Leishmaniasis in the Traditional Medicine of Gorgan, Iran

Objective: This study was survey to investigate of ethnopharmacology, antibacterial and antioxidant capacity of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) W. Greuter extract in in vitro from waste ground region of Gorgan, Iran, which has been used in traditional as a strong anti-inflammation, antirheumatism, antitumor, antipathogene, and antiinfection. Materials and Methods: Ethnopharmacological data were obtained among well-known indigenous herbal practitioner (70 ages) in Gorgan, Iran. Aerial parts of plant in blooming were collected from Gorgan waste ground (80 m) in October 2013. Methanol and acetone extracts were obtained by maceration, antioxidant activity were evaluated spectrophotometrically by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), total antioxidant capacity and reducing power to compare of butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole antioxidant standard and antibacterial activity were determined by disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) method against tree Gram-positive and negative pathogenic bacteria. Results: D. graveolens (L.) W. Greuteris is usually wild grow in Golestan Province and has been used in traditional medicine as a strong anti-inflammation, antirheumatism, antitumor, antipathogene and antiinfection specially in treat of leishmaniosis metanolic extract of plant has strong antioxidant activity against free radical scavenging specially in DPPH methode than aceton extract with IC50 (6.2 ± 0.13 μg/ml) and Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis and Bacillus cereus with inhibition zone 35, 30, 26, 21 mm were the most sensitive bacteria, with MIC ranging from 12.6 to 112 μg/ml, respectively. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium have moderate sensitivity and other bacteria were resistant to the plant extract. Conclusion: Results demonstrate that the methanolic extract of D. graveolens can become good potential antioxidant and antibacterial activity for controlling certain Gram-positive and negative bacteria, which produces many infectious disease