Fatty acid composition of Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae fed on different micoralgal diets: effect on larval growth and survival.

The influence of dietary essential fatty acid on bivalve larval growth and survival has been reported by several authors. The objectives of the current research were (1) to describe fatty acid composition of Mytilus galloprovincialis D-larvae and (2) to investigate the influence of algal lipid composition on larval growth and survival. Larvae were fed with two diets, A (Tetraselmis suecica + Isochrisis galbana) and B (Tetraselmis suecica + Chaetoceros sp). After fifteen days the larval growth was significantly higher with diet B than with diet A. The survival was also different, being 28% in diet A and 22.4 % in diet B. The percentages of veliger, pediveliger and amorphous larvae were higher in group A than in B, while in the latter there were not amorphous larvae and the 21 % were postlarvae. So, the microalgae Chaetoceros sp seems to enhance larvae growth and development. The difference in diet also produced changes in fatty acid profiles being the most important change ones (1) the increase of 14:0 in both groups, (2) 16:0 decreased in group A but it increased in group B and (3) total MUFA showed higher levels in both trials. Total PUFA n-6 level was higher in group A due to the 18:2n-6 increase. Arachidonic acid level was augmented with both diets. EPA level diminished in group A but it augmented in group B, DHA behaviour was opposite, increasing in group A but decreasing in group B. This is due to the high level of EPA in Chaetoceros sp and DHA in Isochrysis galbana (Fern&aacute;ndez-Reiriz et al., 2006). These results do not coincide with other studies which suggest that DHA is a key requirement for larval development and growth of other bivalve species (Caers et al., 1999). In our case diet rich in EPA seems to be better in mussel larva culture than the diet rich in DHA. This work was supported by Interreg Project 0251_ECOAQUA_5_E, financed by the EDRF (European Regional Development Fund). www.juntadeandalucia.es/agriculturaypesca/ifapa/ecoaqua. &nbsp;La influencia de la composici&oacute;n en &aacute;cidos grasos de la dieta ha sido estudiada por diversos autores. Los objetivos de este trabajo fuero (1) describir la composici&oacute;n en &aacute;cidos grasos de las larvas D de Mytilus galloprovincialis y (2) investigar la influencia de la composici&oacute;n lip&iacute;dica de las microalgas en el crecimiento y supervivencia larvario. Las larvas se fueron alimentadas con dos dietas,A (Tetraselmis suecica + Isochrisis galbana) y B (Tetraselmis suecica + Chaetoceros sp). Tras quince d&iacute;as el crecimiento larvario fue significativamente mayor con la dieta B que con la dieta A. La supervivencia tambi&eacute;n fue diferente, siendo 28 % en la dieta A y 22.4% en la dieta B. El porcentaje de las larvas veliger, pediveliger y amorfas fue mayor en A que en B, mientras que en &eacute;ste no hubo amorfas y el 21 % fueron postlarvas. Por lo tanto la microalga Chaetoceros sp mejora el cultivo larvario. La diferencia en la dieta tambi&eacute;n produjo cambios en el perfil de &aacute;cidos grasos siendo los m&aacute;s importantes (1) el incremento del 14:0 en ambos grupos, (2) el 16:0 decreci&oacute; en el grupo A pero aument&oacute; en el B y (3) el total de monoinsaturados mostr&oacute; mayores valores en ambos grupos. El total de PUFA n-6 fue mayor en el grupo A debido al incremento de 18:2n-6. El nivel de &aacute;cido araquid&oacute;nico aument&oacute; en ambos grupos. El nivel de EPA disminuy&oacute; en el grupo A pero aument&oacute; en el grupo B, el comportamiento del DHA fue el contrario, incrementando en el grupo A y disminuyendo en el B. Esto fue debido al alto nivel de EPA en Chaetoceros sp y DHA en Isochrysis galbana (Fern&aacute;ndez-Reiriz et al., 2006). Estos resultados no coinciden con otros estudios que sugieren que el DHA es un requerimiento clave para el desarrollo y crecimiento larvarios de otras especies de bivalvos (Caers et al., 1999). En nuestro caso la dieta rica en EPA parece ser mejor para el cultivo larvario de mejillones que la dieta rica en DHA. Este trabajo fue apoyado por el proyecto Interreg 0251_ECOAQUA_5_E, financiado por el FEDER (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional). www.juntadeandalucia.es/agriculturaypesca/ifapa/ecoaqua.</p

Effect of different micro-algae mixtures and rations in hatchery broodstock conditioning of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis.

Reproduction of the blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in wild populations follows seasonal changes of environmental factors such as food availability.The aim of this experiment was to analyse the effects of three conditioning diets on the maturation and development of M. galloprovincialis. We experimented three different algae-based treatments: two Non-Tetraselmis (NT) groups and one Tetraselmis (TS) group. Those in the NT groups received a mixture of Isochrysis galbana (clon T-Iso) and Chaetoceros sp. (1:1, based on cell volume). Those in the TS group received Isochrysis sp. (T-Iso), Chaetoceros sp., and Tetraselmis suecica (1:1:1, based on cell volume). Mussels in the NT-1, NT-2 and TS groups received, respectively, 1%, 2% and 2% of the mussels dry weight (MDW) based in algae dry weight (ADW) a day. After 2 months of conditioning, significant changes between wild mussels and the NT-1 group were not detected either in condition index (CI) value or in gonad stadia percentages. On the opposite, after conditioning CI values of mussels having received 2 % ration were higher than those of wild populations and NT-1 group, and ripe female percentage was higher in the TS group than in the NT-2 group. As a conclusion, this study demonstrates that for M. galloprovincialis conditioning, 1% of the MDW in ADW is not enough, and that a varied diet is more suitable.This work was supported by Interreg Project 0251_ECOAQUA_5_E, financed by the EDRF (European Regional Development Fund). www.juntadeandalucia.es/agriculturaypesca/ifapa/ecoaqua.La reproducci&oacute;n del mejill&oacute;n Mytilus galloprovincialis en las poblaciones naturales sigue los cambios estacionales de factores ambientales como la disponibilidad de comida. El objetivo de este experimento fue analizar los efectos de tres dietas de acondicionamiento en la maduraci&oacute;n y el desarrollo de M. galloprovincialis. Para ello, se experimentaron tres tratamientos diferentes a base de microalgas: dos grupos sin la microalga Tetraselmis suecica (NT) y un tercero con esta microalga (TS). Los mejillones de los grupos NT recibieron una mezcla de Isochrysis galbana (clon T-Iso) y Chaetoceros sp. (1:1, basado en el volumen celular). Los del grupo de TS recibido I. galbana (clon T-Iso), Chaetoceros sp., y T. suecica (1:1:1, basado en el volumen celular). Los ejemplares de los grupos NT-1, NT-2 y TS recibieron, respectivamente, 1%, 2% y 2% del peso seco de la masa corporal (PSM) basado en el peso seco del fitoplancton (PSF) al d&iacute;a. Despu&eacute;s de 2 meses de acondicionamiento no se detectaron diferencias significativas en el valor del &iacute;ndice de condici&oacute;n (IC) ni en los porcentajes de estadios de madurez gonadal entre los mejillones del medio natural y el grupo NT-1. Sin embargo, despu&eacute;s del acondicionamiento valores del IC de los mejillones que recibieron el 2% de raci&oacute;n fueron superiores a los de las poblaciones del medio natural y el grupo NT-1. Adem&aacute;s, el porcentaje de hembras maduras fue mayor en el grupo TS que en el grupo NT-2. Como conclusi&oacute;n, este estudio demuestra que para el acondicionamiento de M. galloprovincialis un 1% de la PSM en PSF no es suficiente, y que una dieta variada es m&aacute;s adecuada.Este trabajo fue apoyado por el proyecto Interreg 0251_ECOAQUA_5_E , financiado por el FEDER (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional). www.juntadeandalucia.es / agriculturaypesca / IFAPA / ecoaqua. &nbsp;</p

Crecimiento gonadal y reproducción del erizo de mar Sphaerechinus granularis (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) en el sureste de España

The gonadal index and reproductive state of the sea urchin Sphaerechinus granularis were studied for a year in three populations from southeast Spain. The development of the gonad during the period of study was assessed using histological methods and four maturity stages were considered for female specimens and two for male specimens. The study of gonad development showed a clearly defined annual cycle of gametogenesis with a single spawning period in summer-autumn. It begins in June at Torremuelle and Palmeral and a month later at La Herradura. The three populations exhibited similar reproductive patterns, having mature gonads in almost all the months. Though the environmental conditions were similar, the population from La Herradura had the highest Gonadosomatic Index value (GSI) and that from Torremuelle the lowest one.Se ha estudiado el índice gonadosomático y los estados reproductivos del erizo de mar Sphaerechinus granularis durante un año en tres poblaciones del sureste de España. El desarrollo de la gónada se estudió usando métodos histológicos; además, el estado de los individuos se determinó utilizando cuatro categorías de desarrollo gonadal para las hembras y dos para los machos. Existe un único periodo de puesta a lo largo del año, entre verano y otoño. En las estaciones de Torremuelle y Palmeral la puesta comienza en junio mientras que en La Herradura tiene un retraso de un mes. Las tres poblaciones muestran patrones reproductivos semejantes y se caracterizan por tener gónadas maduras casi todos los meses, aunque en proporciones distintas. Los valores del índice gonadosomático son mayores en La Herradura y menores en Torremuelle a pesar de que las condiciones ambientales son similares

Cambios ontogenéticos e intraespecíficos observados en la rádula de Polycera aurantiomarginata García and Bobo, 1984 (Gastropoda Opisthobranchia)

Polycera aurantiomarginata García and Bobo 1984 has a stable population in the intertidal area of El Portil beach (Huelva, SW Spain). This fact allowed specimens of different sizes to be collected from March 2001 to December 2003. In this paper, the ontogenetic variations of the radula of P. aurantiomarginata are studied. The radulae of 141 specimens were examined, 138 from El Portil and 3 from La Herradura (Granada, SE Spain). Specimens of 1.5-2 mm in length lack the typical radula described for P. aurantiomarginata. They have the so called pre-radula whose teeth are different in size and shape from the typical radula of the adults. In the specimens of 3 and 4 mm the pre-radula coexists with the characteristic radula, which is the single structure present in the specimens larger than 4 mm. The following features of the radula are included in this study: radular length, number of teeth rows and length of the outer lateral teeth. According to the three measured variables, the affinities among specimens without a pre-radula were established through cluster analysis, which defined three different groups (4-10 mm, 11-22 mm and 23-48 mm). Correlations between specimen length and radula length, number of rows and mean length of outer lateral teeth were significant. Feeding strategies could be related to the different morphology of the radula established by the Cluster analysis.Polycera aurantiomarginata García y Bobo, 1984 muestra una población estable y en la localidad de El Portil (Huelva, SW de España), lo que ha permitido la recolección, desde marzo de 2001 hasta diciembre de 2003, de un alto número de ejemplares de todos los tamaños. En el presente estudio se ha extraído la rádula de 141 animales, 138 recogidos en la zona intermareal de El Portil y 3 en La Herradura (Granada). Los tamaños de los animales han oscilado entre 1.5 mm y 48 mm. Se ha podido observar en los individuos de entre 1.5 y 2 mm la existencia de una pre-rádula cuyos dientes son morfológicamente diferentes a los de la rádula de los individuos mayores; sin embargo, en los ejemplares de 3 y 4 mm esta pre-rádula coexiste con la rádula típica, siendo esta estructura la única presente en individuos de longitud igual o mayor a 4 mm. A cada una de las rádulas extraídas, tanto con pre-rádula o sin ella, se le ha medido la longitud total de la cinta, la longitud del diente lateral externo y el número de filas de dientes. Considerando los tres parámetros medidos, las afinidades entre los ejemplares sin pre-rádula se establecieron a partir de análisis de Cluster, que definieron tres grupos distintos (4-10 mm, 11-22 mm y 23-48 mm). Las correlaciones existentes entre la longitud de los individuos y la longitud de la rádula, el número de filas y la longitud media de los dientes fueron significativas. Las diferencias morfológicas reconocidas en los grupos considerados podrían estar relacionadas con distintas estrategias alimentarias.

Comparing climate change indices between a northern (arid) and a southern (humid) basin in Mexico during the last decades

It is a matter of current study to determine potential climate changes in different parts of the world, especially in regions like a basin which has the potential to affect socioeconomic and environmental issues in a defined area. This study provides a comparison between several climate change indices trends of two very different basins in Mexico, one located in the northern arid region (the Conchos River basin) and the other in the southern humid area (the Usumacinta River basin). First, quality control, homogenization, and completion of the missing data were applied before calculating the climate change indices and their respective trends for the combined period 1961–1994. A clear warming signal was found for the two basins in addition to an increment in the DTR, in agreement with other studies in Mexico. Also, the Conchos River basin was found to be more humid and the Usumacinta River basin drier, in accordance to a supposed seesaw behavior indicated in previous analysis.</p

DNA Glycosylases Involved in Base Excision Repair May Be Associated with Cancer Risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in the DNA Base Excision Repair (BER) pathway could be associated with cancer risk in carriers of mutations in the high-penetrance susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, given the relation of synthetic lethality that exists between one of the components of the BER pathway, PARP1 (poly ADP ribose polymerase), and both BRCA1 and BRCA2. In the present study, we have performed a comprehensive analysis of 18 genes involved in BER using a tagging SNP approach in a large series of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. 144 SNPs were analyzed in a two stage study involving 23,463 carriers from the CIMBA consortium (the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1 and BRCA2). Eleven SNPs showed evidence of association with breast and/or ovarian cancer at p&lt;0.05 in the combined analysis. Four of the five genes for which strongest evidence of association was observed were DNA glycosylases. The strongest evidence was for rs1466785 in the NEIL2 (endonuclease VIII-like 2) gene (HR: 1.09, 95% CI (1.03-1.16), p = 2.7×10-3) for association with breast cancer risk in BRCA2 mutation carriers, and rs2304277 in the OGG1 (8-guanine DNA glycosylase) gene, with ovarian cancer risk in BRCA1 mutation carriers (HR: 1.12 95%CI: 1.03-1.21, p = 4.8×10-3). DNA glycosylases involved in the first steps of the BER pathway may be associated with cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and should be more comprehensively studied

The Spanish Mediterranean Fishing Guilds (Cofradias): An Example of Collaborative Management with a Key Role in Sustainable Fisheries

[EN] The management of Spanish coastal fisheries is based on a mixed model where the centralised action of the government is combined with the self-organisation of fishers in cofradias (guilds). These institutions have economic and political functions, intermediating between the State and the fishing sector and mediating in the conflicts that may occur. They also have welfare and mutualist tasks. This original and traditional co-management model is part of the social capital of traditional Spanish fishing. The aim of this article is to explore the possibilities of these Spanish fishers' organisations in order to improve the legitimacy of the fishery system and the sustainability of fisheries. Our hypothesis is that updating and adapting some aspects of the cofradias model could produce efficient forms of collaborative management and lead to improvements in the sustainability of fisheries. To validate this hypothesis the study analysed 69 face-to-face interviews in 21 Spanish-Mediterranean guilds. The analysis focused on three core aspects: the control of fishing resources; the integration of fishing knowledge in the management system; and, finally, the guilds contribution to the legitimacy of the system in the eyes of the fishers.This work was supported by National Plan for Scientific and Technological Research and Innovation (Spanish Economy and Competitiveness Ministry). Research Project CSO2016-76135-P. There is no conflict of interest declared in this article.Herrera-Racionero, P.; Lizcano, E.; Miret Pastor, LG.; Mascarell, Y. (2019). The Spanish Mediterranean Fishing Guilds (Cofradias): An Example of Collaborative Management with a Key Role in Sustainable Fisheries. Fisheries. 44(4):172-182. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsh.10224S172182444Alegret J. L.1999.Gestión comunitaria cogestión y mercado. La evolución histórica de la gestión de la pesca en el Mediterráneo español. Pages109–124inG.Allut andJ.Pascual editors. Antropología de la pesca/Santiago de Compostela: Asociación Galega de Antropoloxía.La pesca a la Mediterrània 2016 Universidad de Alicante Alicante J. L Alegret J. L. Sánchez Lizaso Les confraries de pescadors a Espanya 47 54Andalusian Decree 86/2004 of March 2 2004 about Fishers Guilds and their Institutions. Available:https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/boja/2004/52/3Ariza, E., Pons, F., & Breton, F. (2016). Is «socio-ecological culture» really being taken into account to manage conflicts in the coastal zone? Inputs from Spanish Mediterranean beaches. Ocean & Coastal Management, 134, 183-193. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.10.006Catalan Law 22/2002 of July 12 2002 of Fishers Guilds. «DOGC» n. 3684. Available:https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2002/BOE-A-2002-15890-consolidado.pdfCochrane, K. L., & Garcia, S. M. (Eds.). (2009). A Fishery Manager’s Guidebook. doi:10.1002/9781444316315Corral-Quintana, S., Legna-de la Nuez, D., Legna Verna, C., Hernández, J. H., & Romero-Manrique de Lara, D. (2016). How to improve strategic decision-making in complex systems when only qualitative information is available. Land Use Policy, 50, 83-101. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.09.0045. European Comission.2013.Commission implementing regulation6. (EU) Nº 1419/2013. Availablehttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013R1419&from=ES(May2017)European Commission.2014.Coastal zones: achieving sustainable management. Availablehttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/coastal_zones_sustainable_management_46si_en.pdf(May 2017).European Parliament.2012.Common position on the role of the RACS in the future Common Fisheries Policy Reform. Available:http://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201203/20120322ATT41696/20120322ATT41696EN.pdf(May 2017).Frangoudes, K., Marugán-Pintos, B., & Pascual-Fernández, J. J. (2008). From open access to co-governance and conservation: The case of women shellfish collectors in Galicia (Spain). Marine Policy, 32(2), 223-232. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2007.09.007Herrera-Racionero, P., Lizcano-Fernández, E., & Miret-Pastor, L. (2015). «Us» and «them». Fishermen from Gandía and the loss of institutional legitimacy. Marine Policy, 54, 130-136. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2014.12.018Jentoft, S. (2000). Legitimacy and disappointment in fisheries management. Marine Policy, 24(2), 141-148. doi:10.1016/s0308-597x(99)00025-1Kosamu, I. B. M. (2015). Conditions for sustainability of small-scale fisheries in developing countries. Fisheries Research, 161, 365-373. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2014.09.002Law 2/2007 of March 12 2007 of Marine Fishery and Aquaculture of Murcia region. Available inhttps://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2008/07/21/pdfs/A31793-31815.pdf(November 2018)Long, R. D., Charles, A., & Stephenson, R. L. (2015). Key principles of marine ecosystem-based management. Marine Policy, 57, 53-60. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2015.01.013Mackinson, S., Wilson, D. C., Galiay, P., & Deas, B. (2011). Engaging stakeholders in fisheries and marine research. Marine Policy, 35(1), 18-24. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.07.003MAGRAMA (Ministry of Agriculture Food and Environment).2015.Estadísticas pesqueras: Pesca marítima. Availablehttp://www.magrama.gob.es/es/estadistica/temas/estadisticas-pesqueras/pesca-maritima/(July 2017)Martínez-Novo, R., Lizcano, E., Herrera-Racionero, P., & Miret-Pastor, L. (2016). Innovation or ‘Inventions’? The conflict between latent assumptions in marine aquaculture and local fishery. Public Understanding of Science, 27(2), 214-228. doi:10.1177/0963662516651358Noy, C. (2008). Sampling Knowledge: The Hermeneutics of Snowball Sampling in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(4), 327-344. doi:10.1080/13645570701401305Ostrom, E. (2009). A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems. Science, 325(5939), 419-422. doi:10.1126/science.1172133Pita, P., Fernández-Vidal, D., García-Galdo, J., & Muíño, R. (2016). The use of the traditional ecological knowledge of fishermen, cost-effective tools and participatory models in artisanal fisheries: Towards the co-management of common octopus in Galicia (NW Spain). Fisheries Research, 178, 4-12. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2015.07.021Producer organisations are officially recognised bodies set up by fishery or aquaculture producers. They play an essential role in running the European Common Fisheries Policy.State Marine Fishery Law: Law 3/2001 of March 26 2001. BOE (State Official Gazette) number 75. Available:https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2001-600

Las relaciones entre hermanos en la legislación de alcance territorial de la Castilla bajomedieval: de la protección al conflicto

Studies on the family in medieval Castile have not paid enough attention to relationships between family members. On the few occasions they have done so, the analysis has tended to focus on a vertical approach; consequently, little effort has been made to comprehend the ties between brothers and sisters in the Castilian Middle Ages. This paper aims to provide a closer look at this topic by means of an examination of Castilian royal legislation, trying to define the social content of brotherhood, as well as to reveal those fraternal liaisons concerning protection or conflict found in normative texts.Los estudios sobre la familia medieval en Castilla no han prestado especial atención a las relaciones intrafamiliares. Y cuando lo han hecho ha sido para analizarlas desde una perspectiva vertical, sin detenerse demasiado en comprender las que unieron a los hermanos y hermanas del medievo castellano. En este trabajo se propone una primera aproximación al tema analizando la legislación real castellana, tratando de delimitar el contenido social otorgado a la hermandad, así como las situaciones de protección o conflicto entre hermanos que se recogen en los textos normativos

First Assessment of the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Marine Recreational Fisheries

This work is the result of an international research effort to determine the main impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on marine recreational fishing. Changes were assessed on (1) access to fishing, derived from lockdowns and other mobility restrictions; (2) ecosystems, because of alterations in fishing intensity and human presence; (3) the blue economy, derived from alterations in the investments and expenses of the fishers; and (4) society, in relation to variations in fishers’ health and well-being. For this, a consultation with experts from 16 countries was carried out, as well as an international online survey aimed at recreational fishers, that included specific questions designed to capture fishers’ heterogeneity in relation to behavior, skills and know-how, and vital involvement. Fishers’ participation in the online survey (5,998 recreational fishers in 15 countries) was promoted through a marketing campaign. The sensitivity of the fishers’ clustering procedure, based on the captured heterogeneity, was evaluated by SIMPER analysis and by generalized linear models. Results from the expert consultation highlighted a worldwide reduction in marine recreational fishing activity. Lower human-driven pressures are expected to generate some benefits for marine ecosystems. However, experts also identified high negative impacts on the blue economy, as well as on fisher health and well-being because of the loss of recreational fishing opportunities. Most (98%) of the fishers who participated in the online survey were identified as advanced, showing a much higher degree of commitment to recreational fishing than basic fishers (2%). Advanced fishers were, in general, more pessimistic about the impacts of COVID-19, reporting higher reductions in physical activity and fish consumption, as well as poorer quality of night rest, foul mood, and raised more concerns about their health status. Controlled and safe access to marine recreational fisheries during pandemics would provide benefits to the health and well-being of people and reduce negative socioeconomic impacts, especially for vulnerable social groups.Versión del edito