Multivariate optimization of the KharascheSosnovsky allylic oxidation of olefins

The multivariate optimization method known as simplex is applied to the KharascheSosnovsky allylic oxidation of double bonds. By applying this method, the amounts of three variables (copper source, oxidant, and additive) are optimized at the same time. Under the conditions thus obtained the reaction takes place in a considerable shorter time, being the alkene the limiting reagent. These conditions are applied to some monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes leading regioselectively to the corresponding benzoate esters, opening a route to the employment of this reaction in the synthesis of more complex molecules

Fish skin grafts versus standard of care on wound healing of chronic diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

This study will explore the effectiveness of fish skin grafts (FSG) in ulcer healing in diabetic foot disease compared to standard of care (SOC). The systematic review and meta-analysis were performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standard. The electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science (WoS) internet were searched for the outcome rate of complete ulcer healing. The risk of bias assessment was conducted using the tool recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration. Statistical analysis included the individual and combined result of the studies, heterogeneity test, the effect size, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias tests. Five randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with a total of 411 patients were included in this study. This meta-analysis showed a higher rate of complete ulcer healing in groups receiving fish skin grafts (OR = 3.34, 95% CI 2.14–5.20, p < 0.01, I2 = 0%) compared to control groups. Fish skin grafts have been shown to be more effective for achieving complete ulcer healing compared to current conventional treatments in diabetic foot disease.Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBU

Autologous platelet-rich plasma (APRP) in diabetes foot disease: a meta-analysis

Introduction This study will explore the effectiveness of autologous platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of diabetic foot disease compared to conventional treatments, based on the ulcer healing rate. Methods The electronic databases of PubMed, EMBASE, and WOS internet were searched. Evaluated outcome rate of complete ulcer healing. Statistical analysis was performed with RevMan 5.0 software and SPSS 25.0. Results Eleven RCTs with 828 patients were included in this study. The meta-analysis showed a higher complete ulcer healing rate (OR = 3.69, 95 % CI 2.62 to 5.20, P < 0.01, I2 = 0 %) in growth factors based in autologous platelech-rich plasma (aPRP) group compared with control. Mixed evidence was seen for publication bias, but analyses by using the trim-and-fill method did not appreciably alter results. Conclusion Autologous platelet-rich plasma can improve the complete healing rate of the ulcer compared to current conventional treatments in diabetic foot ulcer patients.Funding for open Access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBU

Does ischemic cardiomyopathy behave differently in women? A holistic approach

La cardiopatía isquémica es una entidad con relevancia clínica tanto en hombres como en mujeres. Sin embargo, se han apreciado diferencias en el mecanismo fisiopatológico en las mujeres que condicionan una presentación clínica, factores de riesgo y tratamientos terapéuticos que pueden variar con respecto a los del hombre. Se ha realizado una revisión narrativa que pone de manifiesto estas diferencias con el objetivo de llevar a cabo un abordaje más óptimo de la miocardiopatía isquémica en las mujeres.Ischemic heart disease is a clinically relevant entity in both men and women. However, differences have been observed in the pathophysiological mechanism in women, which determine a clinical presentation, risk factors and therapeutic treatments that may vary with respect to men. A narrative review has been carried out that reveals these differences in order to carry out a more optimal approach to ischemic cardiomyopathy in women

Optimization by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) of the Kharasch−Sosnovsky Oxidation of Valencene

Response surface methodology (RSM) has been employed to model and optimize the Kharasch−Sosnovsky allylic oxidation of valencene. The detailed effects of the amounts of oxidant, substrate, copper catalyst, 1,8- diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), and temperature have been studied. The concentration of substrate and quantity of oxidant have been determined as the most significant variables. The interaction effects on the yield have been investigated using a three-level full-factorial design. The yield of benzoyloxyvalencene has been improved to 99%. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been used to evaluate the goodness of fit of the model

Acyloxylation of 1,4-Dioxanes and 1,4-Dithianes Catalyzed by a Copper−Iron Mixed Oxide

The use of a copper−iron mixed oxide as a heterogeneous catalyst for the efficient synthesis of α-acyloxy-1,4-dioxanes and 1,4-dithianes employing t-butyl peroxyesters is reported. The preparation and characterization of the catalyst are described. The effect of the heteroatoms and a plausible mechanism are discussed. The method is operationally simple and involves low-cost starting materials affording products in good to excellent yields

DoE (Design of Experiments) Assisted Allylic Hydroxylation of Enones Catalysed by a Copper–Aluminium Mixed Oxide

The allylic hydroxylation of enones using dioxygen as the oxidant has been studied. The reaction was first examined in the absence of any catalyst, using β-ionone as a model substrate. Then a new copper–aluminium mixed oxide, Cu–Al Ox, was prepared and characterized in order to be used as a catalyst. This oxide showed good activity, and provided the corresponding γ- or ε-hydroxylated enones, starting from different α,β- or α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated ketones. In all cases, the yields were significantly improved compared to experiments run in the absence of the catalyst. The reaction was selective, and the formation of epoxides or other overoxidation products was detected only to a minor extent. The described procedure is a technically straightforward synthetic alternative to those methods described to date involving many reaction steps or toxic reagents. The reactions were optimized using design of experiments techniques (DoE)

Development and validation of a new questionnaire for the assessment of patients with diabetic foot disease: The Diabetic Foot Questionnaire (DiaFootQ)

Background The epidemiology data and global burden of diabetic foot disease underscores the need for effective prevention strategies, which requires an early diagnosis. Patient-reported outcome measures are instruments based on a simple format, which favours their application. Currently, there is an absence of instruments with a broad enough scope to capture the diverse aspects involved in diabetic foot disease. Objectives To develop a questionnaire for the assessment of patients with diabetic foot disease and carry out an analysis of its validity and reliability. Methods The study was developed in two stages. Stage 1: the Delphi Panel was composed of 22 experts. The questionnaire is made up of 25 questions selected, after three rounds, from an initial sample of 68 questions. Stage 2: A validation study was performed. With a sample of 273 subjects, an exploratory factor analysis and an analysis of internal consistency, items response, and validity were carried out using the Diabetes Quality of Life, SF-12v2, Foot Function Index and EuroQol EQ5D questionnaires. Measurements of error and sensitivity to change were also analyzed. Results A 25-item questionnaire (DiaFootQ) was developed. It comprised two dimensions: 1) lifestyle and function; and 2) footwear and foot self-care. Sample (n=273) mean age was 69.77 years (±11.08). The internal consistency of DiafootQ was α=0.916, and item response values were ICC=0.862–0.998. External validity correlation levels ranged from r=0.386 to r=0.888. Conclusion DiaFootQ was developed. Integrating the main aspects involved in diabetic foot disease could help to detect more accurately the risk or severity of these patients. DiaFootQ is a well-structured, valid, and reliable tool whose use should be promoted in clinical and research settings.Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga / CBU

Prospects for Cherenkov Telescope Array observations of the young supernova remnant RX J1713.7-3946

We perform simulations for future Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) observations of RX J1713.7−3946, a young supernova remnant (SNR) and one of the brightest sources ever discovered in very high energy (VHE) gamma rays. Special attention is paid to exploring possible spatial (anti)correlations of gamma rays with emission at other wavelengths, in particular X-rays and CO/H I emission. We present a series of simulated images of RX J1713.7−3946 for CTA based on a set of observationally motivated models for the gamma-ray emission. In these models, VHE gamma rays produced by high-energy electrons are assumed to trace the nonthermal X-ray emission observed by XMM-Newton, whereas those originating from relativistic protons delineate the local gas distributions. The local atomic and molecular gas distributions are deduced by the NANTEN team from CO and H I observations. Our primary goal is to show how one can distinguish the emission mechanism(s) of the gamma rays (i.e., hadronic versus leptonic, or a mixture of the two) through information provided by their spatial distribution, spectra, and time variation. This work is the first attempt to quantitatively evaluate the capabilities of CTA to achieve various proposed scientific goals by observing this important cosmic particle accelerator

Optimización en el diseño de un sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales integrado por tres lagunas de estabilización

Cortés-Martínez, F., Treviño-Cansino, A., Espinoza-Fraire, A. T., Sáenz-López, A., Alcorta-García, M. A., González-Barrios, J. L., Martínez-Rojas, R., & De la-Cruz-Acosta, F. J. (julioagosto, 2017). Optimización en el diseño de un sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales integrado por tres lagunas de estabilización. Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua, 8(4), 139-155. El artículo presenta un modelo matemático para la optimización de un sistema lagunar integrado por tres lagunas: anaerobia, facultativa y de maduración. El modelo matemático de optimización tiene como objetivo la minimización del área ocupada por el sistema lagunar, y presenta como restricciones la calidad del agua en el efluente: demanda bioquímica de oxígeno y el número de coliformes fecales; además, se restringe la dispersión (mayor o igual a 0.05), con el propósito de favorecer el flujo disperso en la laguna facultativa y en la laguna de maduración. Las variables cambiantes en el modelo de optimización son las siguientes: tiempo de retención y número de mamparas tanto de la laguna facultativa como la de maduración, y la relación largo ancho para la laguna anaerobia. Se diseñó un sistema de lagunas, luego se aplicó el modelo matemático propuesto. Los resultados muestran una disminución del área de 15.16%. Los dos estudios cumplen con límites máximos permisibles de descarga de acuerdo con la NOMSEMARNAT-1996: calidad del agua residual tratada para el vertido a los cuerpos receptores