Factores que influyen en el cambio del profesor. Evaluación de una experiencia

El siguiente trabajo reporta los resultados de una investigación exploratoria descriptiva del cambio del profesor desde su propia perspectiva en torno a la resolución de problemas. Se considera el cambio del profesor como un proceso interno y externo, que implica el sistema de creencias y actitudes y cambios a nivel cognitivo. Por lo anterior, y mediante el uso de entrevistas utilizando viñetas y recuerdo simulado como herramientas metodológicas, se trabajó en la identificación de elementos que favorecen el cambio en el sistema de creencias y la forma de trabajar la resolución de problemas en un grupo de 11 profesores, que han participado en un proyecto implementando la resolución de problemas de final abierto a lo largo de tres años. Hemos observado que los profesores identifican y declaran los cambios en la forma en que trabajan en el aula, en ellos mismos y en sus estudiantes y como estos elementos pueden servir para evaluar una experiencia de desarrollo profesional

Desarrollo y validación de una pauta de observación de clases de matemática: MateO

En este trabajo se presenta la pauta MateO, diseñada para la observación de clases de matemática, la retroalimentación al docente y el diseño de planes de desarrollo profesional docente. MateO fue diseñada tomando como referencia pautas de observación de clases validadas a nivel internacional, como CLASS y MQI, y la experiencia de observaciones de clases chilenas del equipo usando distintos tipos de pautas. MateO está formado por indicadores generales que hacen referencia a elementos de la estructura y la organización de la clase e indicadores específicos para el desarrollo conceptual en matemática. Se realizó un proceso de validación de la pauta que revela la consistencia interna de cuatro dimensiones: Organización y planificación, Interacciones en el aula, Presentación del contenido y Gestión matemática

Observación de clases de matemática usando pautas

La observación de clases constituye una oportunidad de aprendizaje reflexivo en la formación profesional de los docentes, tanto en la formación inicial como en la formación continua. Por esto, proponemos un taller que tiene por objetivo conocer y utilizar una pauta, elaborada en el contexto de aulas chilenas, para la observación de clases de matemática

What do the instruments of classroom observation reveal to us about mathematic classes in schools with improved trajectory?

El presente estudio analiza la capacidad de dos instrumentos de observación de aula, Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) y Mathematical Quality of Instruction (MQI), para describir el funcionamiento de aulas de matemática que pertenecen a escuelas municipales chilenas con trayectorias de mejoramiento. En concreto, se busca indagar, por una parte, cómo ambos instrumentos correlacionan y coinciden en encontrar determinados rasgos de la enseñanza, y por otra, en las descripciones cualitativas que esconden los puntajes asignados a cada sala. Los resultados nos indican, por un lado, que solamente la dimensión Diálogo Instruccional de CLASS correlaciona significativamente con algunas de las dimensiones de MQI y que los puntajes asignados a las aulas efectivamente permiten discriminar la calidad o frecuencia con que cada rasgo de la enseñanza aparece en cada aula. Sin embargo, las descripciones cualitativas mostraron que en cada sala es posible encontrar múltiples rasgos positivos de la enseñanza que permitieron a los profesores conducir una buena clase de matemática, con errores y elementos ausentes, pero que fueron reemplazados exitosamente por otros elementos de la enseñanza efectiva.This study analyzes the capacity of two classroom observation instruments, Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS) and Mathematical Quality of Instruction (MQI), to describe the functioning of mathematical classrooms in Chilean public schools with improved trajectories. In fact, it seeks to investigate how the two instruments correlate and agree on finding certain traits of teaching, and the qualitative descriptions that hide the scores assigned to each room. Results indicate that just the Instructional Dialogue dimension of CLASS correlates significantly with some of the dimensions of MQI, and that the scores assigned to the classrooms effectively discriminate the quality or frequency with which each trait of teaching appears in every class. However, qualitative descriptions showed that in each classroom it is possible to find multiple positive traits of teaching that allowed teachers to lead a good mathematics class, with errors and absent elements, but which were successfully replaced by other elements of effective teaching

El impacto de la obesidad sobre el lipidoma cardíaco y sus consecuencias en el daño cardíaco en ratas obesas

To explore the impact of obesity on the cardiac lipid profile in rats with diet-induced obesity, as well as to evaluate whether or not the specific changes in lipid species are associated with cardiac fibrosis. Methods: Male Wistar rats were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD, 35% fat) or standard diet (3.5% fat) for 6 weeks. Cardiac lipids were analyzed using by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: HFD rats showed cardiac fibrosis and enhanced levels of cardiac superoxide anion (O 2 ), HOMA index, adiposity, and plasma leptin, as well as a reduction in those of cardiac glucose transporter (GLUT 4), compared with control animals. Cardiac lipid profile analysis showed a significant increase in triglycerides, especially those enriched with palmitic, stearic, and arachidonic acid. An increase in levels of diacylglycerol (DAG) was also observed. No changes in cardiac levels of diacyl phosphatidylcholine, or even a reduction in total levels of diacyl phosphatidylethanolamine, diacyl phosphatidylinositol, and sphingomyelins (SM) was observed in HFD, as compared with control animals. After adjustment for other variables (oxidative stress, HOMA, cardiac hypertrophy), total levels of DAG were independent predictors of cardiac fibrosis while the levels of total SM were independent predictors of the cardiac levels of GLUT 4. Conclusions: These data suggest that obesity has a significant impact on cardiac lipid composition, although it does not modulate the different species in a similar manner. Nonetheless, these changes are likely to participate in the cardiac damage in the context of obesity, since total DAG levels can facilitate the development of cardiac fibrosis, and SM levels predict GLUT4 levelsThis work was supported by funds from the Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis (Basic Research Award 2015), from Plan Estatal I+D+I 2013-2016: PI15/01060 and SAF2016-81063. The study was cofunded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), a way to build Europ

Elaboración de instrumento para diagnosticar las creencias y conocimientos de estudiantes de pedagogía básica sobre la matemática escolar, su aprendizaje y enseñanza

En el presente trabajo compartimos el desarrollo del Proyecto FONIDE FX11624, cuyo objetivo principal fue generar un instrumento válido capaz de identificar las creencias y conocimientos de estudiantes de Pedagogía básica sobre la matemática escolar, su enseñanza y aprendizaje al comienzo de su formación inicial. Por medio de una metodología mixta (entrevistas en profundidad para el apartado de creencias y validación de expertos para ítems de conocimiento), se logró construir la primera versión del instrumento, que fue aplicada a un total de 511 estudiantes de primer año de Pedagogía básica de un total de 14 universidades del país. Compartimos el proceso de elaboración del instrumento detallando el trabajo realizado para los ítems de creencias y de conocimiento y la composición final del instrumento como resultado de dicha validación

The Effects of Vegetarian and Vegan Diet during Pregnancy on the Health of Mothers and Offspring

Vegetarian and vegan diets have increased worldwide in the last decades, according to the knowledge that they might prevent coronary heart disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. Althought plant-based diets are at risk of nutritional deficiencies such as proteins, iron, vitamin D, calcium, iodine, omega-3, and vitamin B12, the available evidence shows that well planned vegetarian and vegan diets may be considered safe during pregnancy and lactation, but they require a strong awareness for a balanced intake of key nutrients. A review of the scientific literature in this field was performed, focusing specifically on observational studies in humans, in order to investigate protective effects elicited by maternal diets enriched in plant-derived foods and possible unfavorable outcomes related to micronutrients deficiencies and their impact on fetal development. A design of pregestational nutrition intervention is required in order to avoid maternal undernutrition and consequent impaired fetal growth

Eating disorders during gestation: Implications for mother's health, fetal outcomes, and epigenetic changes

Introduction: Eating disorders (EDs) have increased globally in women of childbearing age, related to the concern for body shape promoted in industrialized countries. Pregnancy may exacerbate a previous ED or conversely may be a chance for improving eating patterns due to the mother's concern for the unborn baby. EDs may impact pregnancy evolution and increase the risk of adverse outcomes such as miscarriage, preterm delivery, poor fetal growth, or malformations, but the knowledge on this topic is limited. Methods: We performed a systematic review of studies on humans in order to clarify the mechanisms underpinning the adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with EDs. Results: Although unfavorable fetal development could be multifactorial, maternal malnutrition, altered hormonal pathways, low pre-pregnancy body mass index, and poor gestational weight gain, combined with maternal psychopathology and stress, may impair the evolution of pregnancy. Environmental factors such as malnutrition or substance of abuse may also induce epigenetic changes in the fetal epigenome, which mark lifelong health concerns in offspring. Conclusions: The precocious detection of dysfunctional eating behaviors in the pre-pregnancy period and an early multidisciplinary approach comprised of nutritional support, psychotherapeutic techniques, and the use of psychotropics if necessary, would prevent lifelong morbidity for both mother and fetus. Further prospective studies with large sample sizes are needed in order to design a structured intervention during every stage of pregnancy and in the postpartum period

Enteritis por Salmonella: reporte de caso en paciente de 11 años

Salmonella Typhi es un bacilo gram-negativo que causa fiebre tifoidea y está asociado a complicaciones como hemorragia gastrointestinal, la cual se debe a erosiones de vasos adyacentes a las úlceras. El sitio más común de hemorragia gastrointestinal es el íleon terminal. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con fiebre tifoidea que desarrollo hematoquezia severa y úlceras en íleon terminal y colon ascendente las cuales fueron manejadas de forma conservadora

Effectiveness of an intervention for improving drug prescription in primary care patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy:Study protocol of a cluster randomized clinical trial (Multi-PAP project)

This study was funded by the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias ISCIII (Grant Numbers PI15/00276, PI15/00572, PI15/00996), REDISSEC (Project Numbers RD12/0001/0012, RD16/0001/0005), and the European Regional Development Fund ("A way to build Europe").Background: Multimorbidity is associated with negative effects both on people's health and on healthcare systems. A key problem linked to multimorbidity is polypharmacy, which in turn is associated with increased risk of partly preventable adverse effects, including mortality. The Ariadne principles describe a model of care based on a thorough assessment of diseases, treatments (and potential interactions), clinical status, context and preferences of patients with multimorbidity, with the aim of prioritizing and sharing realistic treatment goals that guide an individualized management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention that implements the Ariadne principles in a population of young-old patients with multimorbidity and polypharmacy. The intervention seeks to improve the appropriateness of prescribing in primary care (PC), as measured by the medication appropriateness index (MAI) score at 6 and 12months, as compared with usual care. Methods/Design: Design:pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial. Unit of randomization: family physician (FP). Unit of analysis: patient. Scope: PC health centres in three autonomous communities: Aragon, Madrid, and Andalusia (Spain). Population: patients aged 65-74years with multimorbidity (≥3 chronic diseases) and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs prescribed in ≥3months). Sample size: n=400 (200 per study arm). Intervention: complex intervention based on the implementation of the Ariadne principles with two components: (1) FP training and (2) FP-patient interview. Outcomes: MAI score, health services use, quality of life (Euroqol 5D-5L), pharmacotherapy and adherence to treatment (Morisky-Green, Haynes-Sackett), and clinical and socio-demographic variables. Statistical analysis: primary outcome is the difference in MAI score between T0 and T1 and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Adjustment for confounding factors will be performed by multilevel analysis. All analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: It is essential to provide evidence concerning interventions on PC patients with polypharmacy and multimorbidity, conducted in the context of routine clinical practice, and involving young-old patients with significant potential for preventing negative health outcomes. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02866799Publisher PDFPeer reviewe