Análisis del Maltrato Físico en la Familia y su Influencia en Variables del Contexto Educativo [Analysis of the Physical Abuse in the Family and its Influence in Variables of the Educational Context]

This study analyzes the relationship between physical abuse in the family context and its influence on the educational context variables (academic performance and social behavior). A total of 2.852 students aged between 12 and 17 years participated in the study. The results highlight that the students who were abused in the family have higher numbers of fail marks, a lower level of social acceptance in the peer group as well as a greater involvement in the dynamics of bullying in both, the role of aggressor and as the victim. The results are discussed in relation to the importance of the type of family socialization based on coercion and abuse and behavior of students in the classroom

From Broad-Spectrum Biocides to Quorum Sensing Disruptors and Mussel Repellents: Antifouling Profile of Alkyl Triphenylphosphonium Salts

30 páginas, 13 figuras, 4 tablas.-- This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited‘Onium’ compounds, including ammonium and phosphonium salts, have been employed as antiseptics and disinfectants. These cationic biocides have been incorporated into multiple materials, principally to avoid bacterial attachment. In this work, we selected 20 alkyl-triphenylphosphonium salts, differing mainly in the length and functionalization of their alkyl chains, in fulfilment of two main objectives: 1) to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the antifouling profile of these molecules with relevant marine fouling organisms; and 2) to shed new light on their potential applications, beyond their classic use as broad-spectrum biocides. In this regard, we demonstrate for the first time that these compounds are also able to act as non-toxic quorum sensing disruptors in two different bacterial models (Chromobacterium violaceum and Vibrio harveyi) as well as repellents in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. In addition, their inhibitory activity on a fouling-relevant enzymatic model (tyrosinase) is characterized. An analysis of the structure-activity relationships of these compounds for antifouling purposes is provided, which may result useful in the design of targeted antifouling solutions with these molecules. Altogether, the findings reported herein provide a different perspective on the biological activities of phosphonium compounds that is particularly focused on, but, as the reader will realize, is not limited to their use as antifouling agentsThis study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (http:// www.mineco.gob.es/), SAF2011-28883-C03-01 (JJF), CTQ2011-28417-C02-01/BQU (VSM), AGL2010- 16464 (JMFB), MAT2013-40852-R (FL); Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (http://www. mecd.gob.es/portada-mecd/), CEI 10/00018 (MN)Peer reviewe

Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (μM) for the tested compounds on the growth and violacein production of <i>C</i>. <i>violaceum</i> CVO26.

<p>The index on the right column is calculated as the ratio between the IC₅₀ value for growth inhibition (GI) and that for violacein (VI).</p><p>Half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (μM) for the tested compounds on the growth and violacein production of <i>C</i>. <i>violaceum</i> CVO26.</p

Dose-response curves for compunds 3 and 16 in mussel (<i>Mytilus galloprovincialis</i>) foot retraction assays.

<p>Dose-response curves for compunds 3 and 16 in mussel (<i>Mytilus galloprovincialis</i>) foot retraction assays.</p

Summary of this study.

<p>The different colors highlight the main bioactivities and the structure-activity relationships of the tested triphenylphosphonium salts.</p

Tyrosinase IC₅₀ values (μM) for the compounds tested in this study.

<p>Tyrosinase IC₅₀ values (μM) for the compounds tested in this study.</p

Growth curves of <i>C</i>. <i>violaceum</i> CVO26 in the presence of compounds 3 (A), 4 (B), 5 (C) and 7 (D).

<p>Serial two-fold dilutions of the compounds from 500 to 7.8 μM were tested. A detailed version of this Fig is provided (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0123652#pone.0123652.s002" target="_blank">S2 Fig</a>).</p

Activity displayed by the tested compounds towards different fouling organisms.

<p>Data represent the IC₅₀ (μM) of three replicates. For <i>G</i>. <i>oxysperma</i>, the value indicated is the MIC.</p><p>Activity displayed by the tested compounds towards different fouling organisms.</p