Europeanisation at the Urban Level: Local Actors, Institutions and the Dynamics of Multi-Level Interaction

Involvement in EU-sponsored programmes has provided urban institutions and actors across Europe with unprecedented access to new sources of information, legitimacy, and not least, financial support. From established local authorities to fledgling neighbourhood partnerships, actors across the urban spectrum see increased European involvement as a central component of innovative governance. This paper seeks to evaluate whether European working has provoked shifts in the institutionalised norms, beliefs, and values held by participants in governance at the city level, focusing in particular on the experience of British cities. In order to do so, the paper elaborates a four-part framework for Europeanisation at the urban level, and subsequently applies this framework to the empirical cases of Birmingham and Glasgow. It then attempts to draw some preliminary conclusions about how involvement in EU Structural Fund programmes affects embedded norms and practices in cities across the continent

The referendum is not the only thing that matters to British business

Many firms feel they are being sidelined by those in Westminster, writes Adam Marshal

A Study of Streamwise Vortex Interactions

Wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulations using RANS modelling were conducted to investigate the effect of a wall on the evolution of co and counter-rotating vortex pairs. The counter-rotating vortices had a mutually induced velocity that moved the pair away from the wall. Such pairs occur in the wakes of race car front and rear wings, as well as other areas of race cars where vortices are used for flow control purposes. In the experiments, two vortices were generated using two vortex generators, with NACA0012 profiles, attached to a flat plate. Whereas in the simulations the superposition of two Batchelor vortices was used to investigate the evolution of a vortex pair. Despite differences in Reynolds number, there was good correlation between the experiments and simulations. It was found that the presence of a wall increases the at which co-rotating vortices move towards each other and merge. This is due to the lateral and vertical induced velocities due to the image vortices and secondary vorticity respectively. At very low initial heights two initially symmetric vortices will merge like an asymmetric pair. The rate of rotation of the co-rotating pairs increased with decreasing initial height, until the initial height became too small and the rotation was inhibited. The generation of secondary vorticity and the interaction between primary vortices and this secondary vorticity was shown to accelerate the decay of circulation for both co and counter-rotating pairs. For counter-rotating pairs whose mutually induced velocity moved the pair away from the wall, the secondary vorticity was found to have little effect on the trajectory. That is significantly different from counter-rotating pairs whose mutually induced velocity moves the pair towards the wall, which rebound multiple times

The coronavirus crisis will test UK business resilience to its limit

Business, government and civil society must come together to ensure support gets to where it’s needed most, writes Adam Marshal

Variation in growing season water balance in central Victoria, Australia, in relation to large-scale climate drivers

The precipitation and evaporation records from 1972 to 2013 were analysed at five stations in central Victoria, Australia. The stations formed a north-south transect of sites across a distinct climatic gradient spanning the dry inland plains, the Great Dividing Range and the southern coastal zone. The focus was on the March November 'Growing Season' when typically higher available moisture is critical for a variety of agricultural practices and water management across the region. Growing season rainfall trends were fairly consistent across all stations with ongoing declines generally observed in all months with the exception of November, with the most notable declines in April, May and October. Pan evaporation recorded display greater variation between stations with both significant positive and negative trends evident within the season across the station network. The influence of El Nino Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole on rainfall and pan evaporation was statistically significant, increasing through winter and peaking in spring at all stations. The Southern Annular Mode displayed marked intraseasonal influence which appeared to be highly location dependent. Interestingly, the tropical climate drivers displayed a stronger relationship with pan evaporation than rainfall over the analysis period. This highlighted the potential benefits of taking a broader terrestrial water balance (TWB) perspective of both pan evaporation and rainfall, a concept previously termed 'Effective Rainfall'. Critically, this study shows the importance of understanding regional variation in TWB elements with respect to local topography and geographic location, as well as intraseasonal variations within the overall growing season

H-3: Path of Destruction

Provides a timeline of events, such as Hale o Papa features and use for Hawaiian society, the Arrest of 13 people in North Halawa during their vigil (with black and white picture of "The Flash", Glossary, the Luakini Heiau (site B1-85) features, Bishop Museum payment to not release full report of site interpretation, Brief Historical Background of H-3 proposal, Exempted from Federal Laws, Sites of significance with diagram of freeway going through Halawa sites, Post-contact usage of Halawa Valley and Pre-Contact Usage

Choices for a Child: An Ethical and Legal Analysis of a Failed Surrogate Birth Contract

In today\u27s world of increasingly sophisticated reproductive technologies which offer once infertile couples the chance to have their own child, one wonders what wisdom King Solomon would provide in a conflict involving a woman hired to bear another couple\u27s child. This paper explores such a situation