Diseminación del enverdecimiento de los cítricos en Puerto Rico.

Citrus Greening (CG) caused by a phloem restricted bacteria, Candidatos Liberibacter asiaticus (Ca. L. asiaticus), is one of the most devastating diseases of citrus worldwide. The disease dramatically affects the production of citrus trees. Following the detection of CG in Puerto Rico, a survey was conducted from February 2011 to March 2012 to determine the dissemination of the pathogen. Twenty orchards and seven nurseries located in the central mountain region, southern coast, northern and northwestern region of the island were sampled. Symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were collected and processed at the plant disease clinic of the University of Puerto Rico (UPR) Agricultural Experiment Station in Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico. A total of 345 samples were analyzed by Polymerase Chain Reaction using primers 011 and OI2. Citrus Greening was detected in only 7.0% of the symptomatic samples collected in eight orchards covering an area of 235 hectares in the municipalities of Adjuntas, Añasco, Cabo Rojo, Coamo, Dorado, Juana Díaz, Las Marías and Santa Isabel. In 42 samples negative for Ca. L. asiaticus, two additional diseases were tested by serological methods: Citrus Tristeza Virus (CTV) and Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC). Both diseases were detected: CVC in a sample from Ciales, CTV in 41 samples from various municipalities. Regular screening of Ca. L. asiaticus in orchards and nurseries, vector control strategies and removal of CG infected trees should be implemented to protect the citrus industry on the island.El enverdecimiento de los cítricos (EC), causado por la bacteria limitada al floema Candidatos Liberibacter asiaticus (Ca. L. asiaticus), es una de las enfermedades más devastadoras para la citricultura en el mundo. La enfermedad afecta dramáticamente la producción de los árboles de cítricos.Después de la detección del EC en Puerto Rico, se realizó un monitoreo para la determinación de la diseminación del patógeno desde Febrero de 2011 hasta Marzo de 2012. Se tomaron muestras sintomáticas y asintomáticas en siete viveros y veinte huertos en la reglón central montañosa, costa sur, norte y noroeste de la Isla. Las muestras se procesaron en la clínica de diagnóstico de la Universidad de Puerto Rico, Estación Experimental Agrícola de Juana Díaz. En un total de 345 muestras se realizó la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con los iniciadores OH y OI2. El EC se detectó en solamente 7.0% de las muestras provenientes de ocho huertos con un área de 235 hectáreas en las localidades de Adjuntas, Añasco, Cabo Rojo, Coamo, Dorado, Juana Díaz, Las Marías y Santa Isabel. En 42 muestras negativas para Ca. L. asiaticus se realizaron pruebas serológicas para identificar: el Virus de la Tristeza (VTC) y la Clorosis Variegada de los Cítricos (CVC). Las dos enfermedades se detectaron: VTC en una muestra de ciales, y CVC en 41 muestras de diferentes localidades. La detección periódica de la presencia de la bacteria en los huertos comerciales, el control del vector y la eliminación de árboles infectados con EC deberá implementarse para proteger la industria citrícola en la Isla

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN