Nova contribuição para o conhecimento das saúvas do Estado de São Paulo

Êste trabalho tem como objetivo principal descrever aspectos ecológicos e bionômicos das saúvas de 104 municípios do oeste do Estado de São Paulo. Em tôda a região pesquisada somente três espécies de saúvas foram constatadas: l.ª) Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 (saúva limão); 2.ª) A. laevigata (F. Smith, 1858) (saúva-de-vidro ou saúva cabeça-de-vidro); 3.ª) A. capiguara Gonçalves, 1944 (saúva parda). Uma das grandes surpresas, durante o desenvolvimento dêste trabalho, foi o de se comprovar que a saúva parda A. capiguara é a espécie mais frequente e a mais importante. A sua importância e a das duas outras espécies é, entretanto, salientada no capítulo 5 (BIONOMIA).This paper deals with some ecological and bionomical aspects of "saúvas" (parasol ants) colected in the Western region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The following species were studied: Atta sexdehs rubropilosa Forel, 1908, A. laevigata (F. Smith, 1858), and A. capiguara Gonçalves, 1944

Trabalhos experimentais de combate à "saúva limão" ou "saúva comum" Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908

The purpose of the experiments described in this paper was to study the possibilities of eradicating hills of Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908, which is the most important "saúva" ant (parasol ant) in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The experiments were performed at Piracicaba, during the years 1960-1964. The following products were used in several projects: a) Nemagon (emulsifiable concentrate); b) aldrin (emulsifiable concentrate); c) "MM 33" (carbon bisulphide + methyl bromide); d) methyl bromide; e) carbon bisulphide; f) carbon bisulphide + phosphorus; g) aerosol of carbon bisulphide + heptachlor + chlordane; h) chlordane (emulsifiable concentrate); i) aldrin + fungicide (dust); j) dusts of heptachlor, chlordane, and aldrin, each plus a fungicide; and k) chlordane (dusts). The results obtained are seen in tables 1 to 13.Neste trabalho são descritas várias experiências de combate à "saúva limão", também conhecida como "saúva comum" (Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908), formiga mais prejudicial à agricultura de São Paulo

"Besouro verde", novo depredador da laranjeira

This paper deals with Iphimeis dives (Germar, 1824), a new Citrus noxious insect

Contribuição para o conhecimento do pulgão Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1841 (Homoptera, Aphididae)

This paper deals with the oleander aphid, Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe, 1841, a very common aphid at Piracicaba (State of São Paulo, Brazil)

Contribuição para o conhecimento de alguns hemípteros que atacam as plantas cítricas

Contribution to the knowledge of some Citrus damaging Hemiptera. This paper deals with field and laboratory investigations on Crinocerus sancius (Fabr., 1775), Leptoglossus gonagra (Fabr., 1775), and. L. stigma (Herb., 1784), all belonging to the family Coreidae, Order Hemiptera. These three species are noxious to several fruits, including citrus. The two Leptoglossus and the damages they cause on oranges have been investigated by several writers in the last 25 years. On the other hand, c. sancius was discovered damaging Citrus only in 1959, increasing in importance since its discovery. Redescription of the adults, bionomical notes, hosts, and so on, are the main purpose of this study

Contribuição para o conhecimento do lepidóptero saturnídeo Rothschildia arethusa (Walker, 1855)

In this paper, the writers present a summary of their investigations on Rothschildia arethusa (Walker, 1855) ( Lepidoptera, Saturniidae ) performed at the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The larva was found to feed on "bacupari do mato" (Rheedia sp.) ( Guttiferae ). Some bionomical notes on the larval and pupal stages and the description of the adult are the mainly subject

Estudo descritivo e bionômico de Cerosipha forbesi (Weed, 1889) (Horn., Aphididae)

This paper deals with Cerosipha forbesi (Weed, 1889) (= Aphis forbesi) the strawberry root aphid, one of the noxious insects to the strawberry plant in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.Os autôres estudam o pulgão Cerosipha forbesi (Weed, 1889) (= Aphis forbesi), que vive sobre o morangueiro (Fragaria spp.), inseto provavelmente ainda não assinalado na literatura entomológica brasileira

Contribuição para o conhecimento da Mimosicerya hempeli (Cockerell, 1899) (Homoptera. Margarodidae) e de seu predador Exoplectra erythrogasfer Mulsant, 1851 (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)

This paper deals with Mimosicerya hempeli (Cock., 1899) (Homoptera, Margarodidae) and its predator, the ladybeetle Exo-plectra erythrogaster Muls., 1851 (Coleoptews, Coccinellidae), which were found to occur at Piracicaba, State of São Paulo, Brasil. The first is a pest of "cássia imperial" (Cassia fistula L.), and several other trees. As those insects are little known, a few bionomical notes and descriptions of some of their stages are presented. The adult scales proved to be very resistant to an application of mineral oil plus malathion. Methyl Demeton applied with irrigation water showed no control. The same insecticide injected into the trunk gave very poor results

Biologia da Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) ( Lepidoptera - Adelocephalidae ), praga do «Açoita-Cavalo» (Luehea spp.) e notas sôbre seus inimigos naturais

Biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) (Lep., Adelocephalidae), a pest of Luehea spp. (Tiliaceae), and notes on its natural enemies. In the beginning of 1950, one of the Authors made some observations about the biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker), in Piracicaba, State of S. Paulo, Brazil. From 1951 to 1953, both Authors continued the observations on such an important Adelocephalidae, the caterpillars of which represent a serious pest of Luehea spp. leaves. Actually, in some occasions, the caterpillars can destroy completely the leaves of the trees. The species is efficientely controlled by two natural enemies: an egg parasite (Tetrastichus sp., Hym., Eulophidae) and a fly attacking the last instar caterpillar (Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp), Dip., Tachinidae). Tetrastichus sp. can destroy 100% of the eggs and the fly, 70 to 100% of the caterpillars. Indeed, facts as such are very interesting because we rarely know of a case of so complete a control of a pest by an insect. A. xanthopus had not yet been mentioned in our literature. Actually neither the systematic bibliography nor the economic one has treated of this species. However, a few other species of Arsenura are already known as living on Luehea spp. According to the Authors' observations, W. tricolor was also unknown by the Brazilian entomological literature. Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) After giving the sinonimy and a few historical data concerning the species, and its geographical distribution, the Authors discuss its placing in the genus Arsenura Duncan or Rhescyntis Huebner, finishing by considering Arsenura xanthopus as a valid name. The Authors put the species in the family Adelocephalidae, as it has been made by several entomologists. The host plant The species of Tiliaceae plants belonging to the genus Luehea are called "açoita-cavalo" and are well known for the usefulness of their largely utilized wood. The genus comprises exclusively American plants, including about 25 species distributed throughout the Latin America. Luehea divaricata Mart, is the best known species and the most commonly cultivated. Biology of Arsenura xanthopus Our observations show that the species passes by 6 larval stages. Eggs and egg-postures, all the 6 instars of the caterpillars as well as the chrysalid are described. The pupal period is the longest of the cycle, taking from 146 to 256 days. Data on the eclosion and habits of the caterpillars are also presented. A redescription of the adult is also given. Our specimens agreed with BOUVIER's description, except in the dimension between the extremities of the extended wings, which is a little shorter (107 mm according to BOUVlErVs paper against from 80 to 100mm in our individuals). Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp, 1890) Historical data, geographical distribution and host are first related. W. tricolor had as yet a single known host-; Ar^-senura armida (Cramer). This chapter also contains some observations on the biolcn gy of the fly and on its behaviour when trying to lay eggs on the caterpillars' skin. The female of W. tricolor lays from 1 to 33 eggs on the skin of the last instar caterpillar. The mam region of the body where the eggs are laid are the membranous legs. Eggs are also very numerous oh the ventral surface of the thorax and abdomen. The. preference for such regions is easily cleared up considering the position assumed by the caterpillar when fixed motionless in a branch. In such an occasion, the fly approaches, the victim, puts the ovipositor out and lays the eggs on different parts of the body, mainly on the mentioned regions, which are much more easily reached. The eggs of the fly are firmly attached to the host's skin, being almost impossible to detach them, without having them broken. The minute larvae of the fly enter the body of, the host when it transforms into chrysalid. Chrysalids recentely formed and collected in nature f requentely show a few small larvae walking on its skin and looking for an adequate place to get into the body. A few larvae die by remaining in the skin of the caterpillar which is pushed away to some distance by the active movements of the chrysalid recentely formed. From 1 to 10 larvae completely grown may emerge from the attacked chrysalid about 8 days after their penetrating into the caterpillars' body and soon begin to look for an adequate substratum where they can transform themselves into pupae. In natural conditions, the metamorphosis occurs in the soil. The flies appear within 15 days. Tetrastichus sp. This microhymenoptera is economically the most interesting parasite, being commonly able to destroy the whole pos^ ture of the moth. Indeed, some days after the beginning of the infestation of the trees, it is almost impossible to obtain postures completely free of parasites. The active wasp introduces the ovipositor into the egg of the moth, laying its egg inside, from 80 to 120 seconds after having introduced it. A single adult wasp emerges from each egg. Sarcophaga lambens Wiedemann, 1830 During the observations carried out, the Authors obtained 10 flies from a chysalid that were recognized as belonging to the species above. S. lambens is a widely distributed Sarcophagidae, having a long list of hosts. It is commonly obtained from weak or died invertebrates, having no importance as one of their natural enemies. Sinonimy, list of hosts and distribution are presented in this paper. Control of Arsenura xanthopus A test has been carefully made in the laboratory just to find out the best insecticide for controlling A. xanthopus caterpillars. Four different products were experimented (DDT, Pa-rathion, BHC and Fenatox), the best results having been obtained with DDT at 0,25%. However, the Authors believe in spite of the initial damages of the trees, that the application of an insecticide may be harmful by destroying the natural agents of control. A biological desiquilibrium may in this way take place. The introduction of the parasites studied (Tetrastichus sp. and Winthemia tricolor) seems to be the most desirable measure to fight A. xanthopus

Novo ensaio de combate químico ao ácaro da leprose dos citros Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) em laranjeiras

In order to evaluate the performance of several chemicals to control the citrus leprosis mite on orange-trees a test was performed in Rio das Pedras, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The treatments were as follows: A) control; B) fenpropathrin, 13.5g; C) clofentezine, 20.0g; D) biphenthrin, 5.6g: E) binapacryl, 50.0g; F) flubenzimine 60,0g; G) ciexathin, 20.0g. The amounts above are in active ingredients per 100 liters of water. Each orange-tree received 4.0 liters of liquid (1332 liters/hectare). Seven evaluations of the mite infestation were made on fruits: the first, one day before and 02, 15, 30, 44, 65 and 79 days after spray. The best results were obtained in the treatments with ciexathin, binapacryl and biphenthrin.O ácaro da leprose Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939) é o vetor responsável pela transmissão do agente causador da leprose em laranjeiras, possivelmente um vírus. A doença é grave, responsável por grandes perdas nos laranjais paulistas. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de combate a esse ácaro com a aplicação de defensivos químicos. Tratamentos: A) testemunha; B) fempropatrina (13,5g); C) clofentezina (20,0g); D) bifentrina (5,6g); E) binapacril (50,0g); F) flubenzimina (60,0g); G) ciexatina (20,0g). As quantidades entre parênteses sao de ingrediente ativo para 100 litros de água. Gastaram-se 4 litros de calda por árvore e 1.332 litros por hectare. A ciexatina, binapacril e bifentrina foram os tratamentos mais eficientes, principalmente a ciexatina