Mães negras: maternidade, emancipação e trabalho em tempos de mudanças e transformações (Buenos Aires, 1800-1830)

El presente artículo refiere al desarrollo de la esclavitud y de la emancipación desde una perspectiva de género. Con esta finalidad he distinguido dos núcleos de análisis principales vinculados, en primer lugar, a la Ley de Libertad de Vientres promulgada en el año 1813, y en segundo lugar, a la figura del ama de leche y del servicio de amamantar de parte de las mujeres esclavizadas y libres a lo largo del tiempo. Este trazado me da la posibilidad de explorar sobre la manera en que se entreteje la maternidad, la esclavitud, la libertad y el trabajo de las mujeres negras durante el proceso revolucionario y (pos)emancipación, así como el modo en que se vincula y entremezcla lo femenino con lo racial.Durante as primeiras décadas do século XIX, uma combinação de mutações e transformações trouxe derivações na vida de homens e mulheres de ascendência africana de forma diferenciada. Neste artigo, proponho considerar o desenvolvimento das mães negras e a forma como o relacionamento com dois novos e significativos processos desse período foi verificado. Refiro-me à abolição gradual da escravidão e à transição para o trabalho livre. Para esse fim, distingui duas áreas principais de análise, que se referem tanto à Lei do Ventre Livre, por um lado, quanto a amas de leite negras e ao serviço de amamentação, por outro. Esse panorama permite explorar a maneira pela qual as maternidades, a escravidão e a emancipação das mulheres negras estão entrelaçadas na área urbana da cidade de Buenos Aires e também a forma como o feminino/gênero está vinculado e intercalado com a raça.Fil: Guzman, Maria Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana; Argentin

Is the Maquila industry a factor influencing migration to Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico?

This thesis is divided into three chapters. Chapter one starts with the historical background of the city of Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico and has a brief definition of migration explaining the factors that push or pull someone to make the decision to move. Chapter two contains the thesis statement, methods, and scope. In chapter three, there is a summary of the findings and conclusions. Analysis of the data collected through a survey conducted in 1997 among maquila workers reveals that a total of 51.01% of both the men and women\u27s moves were influenced by the maquila industry. A similar pattern was found when people were asked if they wanted to work in the United States, which could mean that border towns attract people looking for work but also attract people that have other motives besides working in the maquiladoras

The Hamiltonian constraint in the symmetric teleparallel equivalent of general relativity

General relativity (GR) admits two alternative formulations with the same dynamics attributing the gravitational phenomena to torsion or nonmetricity of the manifold's connection. They lead, respectively, to the teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (TEGR) and the symmetric teleparallel equivalent of general relativity (STEGR). In this work, we focus on STEGR and present its differences with the conventional, curvature-based GR. We exhibit the 3+1 decomposition of the STEGR Lagrangian in the coincident gauge and present the Hamiltonian, and the Hamiltonian and momenta constraints. For a particular case of spherical symmetry, we explicitly show the differences in the Hamiltonian between GR and STEGR, one of the few genuinely different features of both formulations of gravity, and the repercussions it might encompass to numerical relativity.Comment: 11 pages, no figure

An economic evaluation of salt reduction policies to reduce coronary heart disease in England: a policy modeling study

AbstractObjectivesDietary salt intake has been causally linked to high blood pressure and increased risk of cardiovascular events. Cardiovascular disease causes approximately 35% of total UK deaths, at an estimated annual cost of £30 billion. The World Health Organization and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence have recommended a reduction in the intake of salt in people's diets. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of four population health policies to reduce dietary salt intake on an English population to prevent coronary heart disease (CHD).MethodsThe validated IMPACT CHD model was used to quantify and compare four policies: 1) Change4Life health promotion campaign, 2) front-of-pack traffic light labeling to display salt content, 3) Food Standards Agency working with the food industry to reduce salt (voluntary), and 4) mandatory reformulation to reduce salt in processed foods. The effectiveness of these policies in reducing salt intake, and hence blood pressure, was determined by systematic literature review. The model calculated the reduction in mortality associated with each policy, quantified as life-years gained over 10 years. Policy costs were calculated using evidence from published sources. Health care costs for specific CHD patient groups were estimated. Costs were compared against a “do nothing” baseline.ResultsAll policies resulted in a life-year gain over the baseline. Change4life and labeling each gained approximately 1960 life-years, voluntary reformulation 14,560 life-years, and mandatory reformulation 19,320 life-years. Each policy appeared cost saving, with mandatory reformulation offering the largest cost saving, more than £660 million.ConclusionsAll policies to reduce dietary salt intake could gain life-years and reduce health care expenditure on coronary heart disease

Physiological and Morphological Characterization of Genetically Defined Classes of Interneurons in Respiratory Rhythm and Pattern Generation in Neonatal Mice

Breathing in mammals depends on an inspiratory-related rhythm that is generated by glutamatergic neurons in the preBotzinger complex (preBotC), a specialized site of the lower brainstem. Rhythm-generating preBotC neurons are derived from a single lineage that expresses the transcription factor (TF) Dbx1, but the cellular mechanisms of rhythmogenesis remain incompletely understood. to elucidate these mechanisms we comparatively analyzed Dbx1-expressing neurons (Dbx1 +) and Dbxl- neurons in the preBotC in knock-in transgenic mice. Whole-cell recordings in rhythmically active newborn mouse slice preparations showed that Dbx1 + neurons activate earlier in the respiratory cycle and discharge greater magnitude inspiratory bursts compared to Dbxl - neurons. Furthermore, Dbx1+ neurons required significantly less input current to discharge spikes (rheobase) in the context of network activity. The expression of intrinsic membrane properties indicative of A-current (IA) and hyperpolarization-activated current (Ih) was generally mutually exclusive in Dbx1 + neurons, which may indicate rhythmogenic function. In contrast, there was no such relationship in the expression of intrinsic currents I A and Ih in Dbxl- neurons. Confocal imaging and digital reconstruction of recorded neurons revealed dendritic spines on Dbxl- neurons, but Dbx1 + neurons were spineless. Dbx1 + neuron morphology was largely confined to the transverse plane whereas Dbxl- neurons projected dendrites to a greater extent in the parasagittal plane (rostrocaudally). A greater percentage of Dbx1 + neurons showed contralaterally projecting axons whereas Dbxl- neurons showed axons projecting in the rostral direction, which were severed by transverse cutting of the slice. Our data suggest that the rhythmogenic properties of Dbx1+ neurons include a higher level of intrinsic excitability that promotes burst generation in the context of network activity, which may be attributable to dendritic active properties that are recruited by excitatory synaptic transmission. Along with Dbxl, the TF Math1 has been shown to give rise to neurons that have important respiratory functions, including a potential role in coordinating the inspiratory and expiratory phases. to evaluate this role, we performed physiological and morphological characterizations of Math1+ neurons in transgenic mice and found that one out of six recorded Math1+ neurons showed expiratory activity. The expiratory Math1+ neuron appeared to be have a larger soma as well as a greater somatodendritic span in all axes (dorsal-ventral, medial-lateral and rostral-caudal) than the non-respiratory modulated Math1+ neurons. This suggests that respiratory modulated Math1+ neurons may be physiologically and morphologically specialized compared to non-rhythmic Mathl+ neurons. their larger morphological span and rhythmic expiratory modulation could be indicative of a function in coordinating phasic activity between inspiratory and expiratory oscillators. Although our findings are still preliminary, the data thus far are consistent with a hypothesized respiratory network model wherein the Math1+ neurons function in coordinating the pattern of inspiration and expiration. Identifying and characterizing hindbrain interneurons according to developmental genetic origins as well as physiological properties provides complementary information to help elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying the generation and coordination of the respiratory rhythm

Novel Antivirals Unveiled Against Acute and Persistent Coxsackievirus B3 Infection Via Rapid Screening

Enteroviruses cause 10 to 15 million infections annually in the United States, and Coxsackievirus B3 is one of the most commonly reported. Coxsackieviruses may become persistent, characterized as a viral infection that is not cleared from host cells and that generates a continuous infection. Patients who develop persistent CVB3 infection may not respond to the same antivirals as an acute infection, which may be detrimental. Therefore, there is a need for broad-range antiviral drugs to combat acute and persistent CVB3 infection, as there is no well-accepted treatment available. We developed a model system to study persistent CVB3 using a pancreatic ductal cell line PANC-1, and we used Vero-E6 cells to study acute infection. We maintained persistently infected cells in tissue culture for over a year and characterized the infection. In efforts to identify novel antivirals, using the National Institutes of Health’s Developmental Therapeutics Program (DTP), we screened thousands of compounds for antiviral activity against acute and persistent CVB3, and among the top hits was Ro 5-3335. Ro 5-3335 is a 1,4-benzodiazepine nordazepam. It acts as RUNX1-CBFB inhibitor against acute myeloid leukemia. Further, it can inhibit gene expression in HIV-1 at the transcription level through interference with Tat-mediated transactivation. We find that Ro 5-3335 potently inhibits persistent and acute CVB3 infection, likely by affecting a cellular pathway. We also show that Ro 5-3335 is broadly antiviral and inhibits a variety of other human pathogens. This work underscores the importance of targeting persistent and acute infection and highlights the potential for Ro 5-3335 as a broad-acting antiviral molecule. Overall, Ro 5-3335 is a promising antiviral that can be used to target CVB3 at multiple stages of infection

The Complexity of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Infection

Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) has been proposed as a mechanism to explain dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) in the course of a secondary dengue infection. Very recently, Dejnirattisai et al., 2010 [1], published an important article supporting the involvement of anti-prM antibodies in the ADE phenomenon. The complexity of ADE in the context of a secondary dengue infection is discussed here