Risk Management in Private Sector Projects

Background. A risk is inseparably related to the planning and execution of each project. A project risk is an event that may have impact on the achievement of project goals and objectives. Therefore, it is extremely important to minimize the likelihood of the occurrence and impact of potential negative events, and at the same time to take full advantage of opportunities for improvement. In other words, there is a need for project risk management.Research aims. Point out the aspects and risk management processes which are perceived to have the biggest impact on the success of a project. Indicate the risk management techniques most often used.Methodology. The search for project aspects and risk management techniques was based on scientific literature review. Exploration of actual application of risk management in private sector projects was based on surveying experts. The participants were entrepreneurs from across Poland who belonged to the Association of Project Management Poland and postgraduate.Key findings. Among the many aspects and techniques of the risk management suggestions for those which may increase the chances of achieving project success

Risk Management in Private Sector Projects

Background. A risk is inseparably related to the planning and execution of each project. A project risk is an event that may have impact on the achievement of project goals and objectives. Therefore, it is extremely important to minimize the likelihood of the occurrence and impact of potential negative events, and at the same time to take full advantage of opportunities for improvement. In other words, there is a need for project risk management.Research aims. Point out the aspects and risk management processes which are perceived to have the biggest impact on the success of a project. Indicate the risk management techniques most often used.Methodology. The search for project aspects and risk management techniques was based on scientific literature review. Exploration of actual application of risk management in private sector projects was based on surveying experts. The participants were entrepreneurs from across Poland who belonged to the Association of Project Management Poland and postgraduate.Key findings. Among the many aspects and techniques of the risk management suggestions for those which may increase the chances of achieving project success

Extraribosomal function of the acidic ribosomal P1-protein YP1α from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The yeast acidic ribosomal P-proteins YP1α, YP1β, YP2a and YP2b were studied for a possible transactivation potential beside their ribosomal function. The fusions of P-proteins with the GAL4 DNA-binding domain were assayed toward their transcriptional activity with the aid of reporter genes in yeast. Two of the P-proteins, YP1α and YP1β, exhibited transactivation potential, however, only YP1α can be regarded as a potent transactivator. This protein was able to transactivate a reporter gene associated with two distinct promoter systems, GAL1 or CYC1. Additionally, truncated proteins of YP1α and YP1β were analyzed. The N-terminal part of YP1α fused to GAL4-BD showed transactivation potential but the C-terminal part did not. Our results suggest a putative extraribosomal function for these ribosomal proteins which consequently may be classified as "moonlighting" proteins

Cloning and characterization of the gene encoding ribosomal P0 phosphoprotein from Neurospora crassa.

A gene for ribosomal protein P0 that belongs to the family of ribosomal P proteins was isolated from a Neurospora crassa cDNA library, using polyclonal antibodies against recombinant P0 protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This is the first gene for ribosomal P0 protein to be cloned from filamentous fungi. The derived P0 protein sequence has a strong homology to other eukaryotic P0 proteins; yet, there is a notable alteration in the conservative C-terminal region, placing this protein among the unique sequences from protozoan parasites

How Ricin Damages the Ribosome

Ricin belongs to the group of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), i.e., toxins that have evolved to provide particular species with an advantage over other competitors in nature. Ricin possesses RNA N-glycosidase activity enabling the toxin to eliminate a single adenine base from the sarcin-ricin RNA loop (SRL), which is a highly conserved structure present on the large ribosomal subunit in all species from the three domains of life. The SRL belongs to the GTPase associated center (GAC), i.e., a ribosomal element involved in conferring unidirectional trajectory for the translational apparatus at the expense of GTP hydrolysis by translational GTPases (trGTPases). The SRL represents a critical element in the GAC, being the main triggering factor of GTP hydrolysis by trGTPases. Enzymatic removal of a single adenine base at the tip of SRL by ricin blocks GTP hydrolysis and, at the same time, impedes functioning of the translational machinery. Here, we discuss the consequences of SRL depurination by ricin for ribosomal performance, with emphasis on the mechanistic model overview of the SRL modus operandi

Intraphagolysosomal conditions predispose to Staphylococcus epidermidis small colony variants persistence in macrophages.

Staphylococcus epidermidis small colony variants can survive inside macrophages and their survival has been proposed as a pivotal process in the pathogenesis of biomaterial associated infections. In the present study the intracellular location of clinical isolates of SCV and parental wild type strains inside macrophages was determined. Furthermore, the effect of IFN-γ and rapamycin on the level of SCV/WT as well as lysosomes colocalisation and iNOS induction in THP-activated macrophages in response to WT and SCV strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis were examined. It was demonstrated that SCV strain of S. epidermidis can survive and persist inside macrophages and its intracellular survival is supported by the induction of phagosomal acidification. The ability to reduce the high proportion of LysoTracker positive SCV containing phagosomes was exclusively found when IFN-γ was used. The findings suggest that IFN-γ mediates SCV killing via two distinct mechanisms, phagosome alkalisation and an increased iNOS synthesis, so the cytokine may control S. epidermidis WT and SCV infection in macrophages. Staphylococcus epidermidis SCV is a less potent stimulus of iNOS than the WT strain and the feature may help SCV to persist in hostile environment of macrophages. Rapamycin treatment did not influence the iNOS synthesis but reduced the percentage of both bacterial strains within acidic organelles. However, the percentage of SCV within LysoTracker positive organelles, even though reduced comparing to non-primed cells, was higher than in the WT strain indicating that Staphylococcus epidermidis possesses unique metabolic features allowing SCV to survive within macrophages

Ribosomal Protein uL11 as a Regulator of Metabolic Circuits Related to Aging and Cell Cycle

Aging is a biological phenomenon common to all living organisms. It is thought that the rate of aging is influenced by diverse factors, in many cases related to the control of energy metabolism, i.e., the so-called pro-longevity effects of starvation. Translation, regarded as the main energy consumption process, lies at the center of interest, as it has a significant impact on the longevity phenomenon. It has been shown that perturbations in the translational apparatus may lead to a lower rate of aging. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to investigate aging in relation to the protein biosynthesis circuit, taking into account the uL11 ribosomal protein as a vital ribosomal element. To this end, we used set of yeast mutants with deleted single uL11A or uL11B genes and a double disruptant uL11AB mutant. We applied an integrated approach analyzing a broad range of biological parameters of yeast mutant cells, especially the longevity phenomenon, supplemented with biochemical and high throughput transcriptomic and metobolomic approaches. The analysis showed that the longevity phenomenon is not fully related to the commonly considered energy restriction effect, thus the slow-down of translation does not represent the sole source of aging. Additionally, we showed that uL11 can be classified as a moonlighting protein with extra-ribosomal function having cell-cycle regulatory potential