Steps towards the development of a ‘culture of innovation’ amongst undergraduate industrial designers

Developing innovative solutions to problems is no easy task. Firstly there has to be a desire within the individual to seek out the innovative solution; secondly there is the problem of how to identify what constitutes an innovative solution; and finally one has to combat the natural tendency toward risk aversion. Successful industrial design is by its very nature innovative. Therefore generating a culture of innovation is a vital requirement in the development of a successful designer. Do we know how to stimulate, incubate and nurture innovation? What are the factors that give rise to an innovative mindset? This paper describes the experiences of an industrial design programme that for five years operated with a degree of success. However on review the programme was deemed to be lacking in innovation. Changes were made and after three years the impact was assessed and quantified and the results are now reported. Through the review strategies were developed which led to the creation of an environment for the promotion and nurturing of innovation appropriate to an undergraduate industrial design programme. Following the three year review further refinements to the model have been implemented, this will be the subject of further study

A collaboration leading to the introduction of an innovative medical device to the international market

Development of a medical device is a multi-disciplinary activity. This is particularly the case for laser based instruments which encompass mechanical, optical, hardware and software sub-systems, together with the essential industrial design process. In this field, as in many others, small companies are highly innovative. However, the broad range of expertise needed to realise any innovation can be beyond the company's finite resource base. This can lead to extended time scales resulting in lost market opportunity. Financial constraints also make it difficult to use commercial consultancy services. Collaboration with an academic institution can assist in overcoming this dilemma. This process is not without its difficulties and challenges, since it bridges two cultures. However, if approached in an innovative and imaginative way, results can be achieved that are of mutual benefit. The paper reviews the challenges that were faced, the difficulties that were encountered and how these were addressed and managed, to the mutual benefit to both the academic and the industrial partners

Deciphering the Stromal and Hematopoietic Cell Network of the Adventitia from Non-Aneurysmal and Aneurysmal Human Aorta

<div><p>Aneurysm is associated to a complex remodeling of arteries that affects all their layers. Although events taking place in the intima and the media have received a particular attention, molecular and cellular events taking place in the adventitia have started to be deciphered only recently. In this study, we have precisely described the composition and distribution of stromal and hematopoietic cells in human arterial adventitia, both at steady state and in the setting of aortic aneurysm. Using polychromatic immunofluorescent and flow cytometry analyses, we observed that unlike the medial layer (which comprises mostly macrophages and T cells among leukocytes), the adventitia comprises a much greater variety of leukocytes. We observed an altered balance in macrophages subsets in favor of M2-like macrophages, an increased proliferation of macrophages, a greater number of all stromal cells in aneurysmal aortas. We also confirmed that in this pathological setting, adventitia comprised blood vessels and arterial tertiary lymphoid organs (ATLOs), which contained also M-DC8⁺ dendritic cells (slanDCs) that could participate in the induction of T-cell responses. Finally, we showed that lymphatic vessels can be detected in aneurysmal adventitia, the functionality of which will have to be evaluated in future studies. All together, these observations provide an integrative outlook of the stromal and hematopoietic cell network of the human adventitia both at steady state and in the context of aneurysm.</p></div

Proportion of leukocyte subsets in the adventitia of non-aneurysmal and aneurysmal aortas.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Graphical representation of the density of CD45⁺ leukocytes (cells/g tissue), and of (<b>B,C</b>) the percentage among CD45⁺ leukocytes of (<b>B</b>) PMN, lymphocyte, DC, and (<b>C</b>) macrophages and their subsets in the adventitia from non-aneurysmal (white filled symbols, n = 4) and aneurysmal (grey filled symbols, n = 4) aortas. Circles correspond to abdominal aortas, and the diamond to a thoracic aorta. p values were calculated with the Mann-Whitney nonparametric test.</p

Comparison of leukocyte subsets in the adventitia and the media from non-aneurysmal and aneurysmal abdominal aortas.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Flow cytometric dot plots defining polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and macrophages (MΦ, far left dot plots), CD3⁺ T cells and CD19⁺ B cells (middle left dot plots), and macrophages subsets (right dot plots) in the adventitia (upper panels) and the media (lower panels) from a non-aneurysmal (non-An) and an aneurysmal (An) abdominal aorta. (<b>B</b>) On the left, graphical representation of the percentages among total CD45⁺ leukocytes of PMN, macrophages, B cells, T cells and all DC in the adventitia (n = 2, upper histograms), and the media (n = 2, lower histograms) from non-An (white histograms) and An (grey histograms) aortas. (<b>C</b>) Comparison between the adventitia (Adv) and the media (Med) for the percentages among total CD45⁺ leukocytes of CD15⁺ and CD206⁺ macrophage subsets in non-An (white filled circles) and An (grey filled circles) aortas (lines associates paired results obtained in the adventitia and the media from the same patient). (<b>D</b>) Ring graphical representation of the proportion of the macrophage subsets defined in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0089983#pone-0089983-g002" target="_blank">Figure 2A</a> among total macrophages in the adventitia (n = 4, top panels) and the media (n = 2, bottom panels).</p

Analysis of stromal cell subsets in the adventitia form non-aneurysmal and aneurysmal aortas.

<p>(<b>A</b>) The gating strategy to analyze all nucleated cells (Vybrant⁺) and particularly stromal cell subsets from an aneurysmal artery by 10-color flow cytometry is shown. This strategy allows the simultaneous definition of residual aSMA^hi smooth muscle cells (SMC), CD44⁺gp38^lo/− leukocytes [macrophages (MΦ) and lymphocytes (Lympho) defined on the forward (FSC-A) and side (SSC-A) scatter], among non-leukocyte cells, CD21⁺CD44⁺ “LTo-like” cells, CD31⁺CD44⁻pg38⁻ blood endothelial cells (BEC), CD31⁺gp38⁺CD21^lo lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC), CD31⁺gp38⁺CD21^hi follicular dendritic cells (FDC), CD31⁻CD44⁺ fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC), and CD31⁻CD44⁻ double negative cells (DN). The lower left dot plot (CD31 vs pg38) shows the overlay of all stromal cell subsets excluding SMC. (<b>B</b>) Flow cytometric dot plots showing the expression of Vybrant (Vybrant^hi cells being undergoing division) and gp38 (upper panels), VCAM1 and MadCAM1 (middle panels) or ICAM1 and MadCAM1 (lower panels) for cell subsets defined in (<b>A</b>). The percentage of cells in each quadrant is indicated. Vybrant-positive events are highlighted and displayed as thick black dots in the middle and lower VCAM1/ICAM1 vs MadCAM1 dot plots. (<b>C</b>) Comparison of the percentage among total live cells of cell subsets defined in (<b>A</b>) in the adventitia from two non-aneurysmal (white filled symbols) and three aneurysmal (white filled symbols) abdominal aortas.</p

Blood and lymphatic vessels are found in the adventitia of aneurysmal aortas, which also comprises lymphoid structures composed of stromal cells and leukocytes.

<p>Reresentative immunohistofluorescence analyses of paraffin-embedded (<b>A</b>) aneurysmal or (<b>B</b>) non-aneurysmal aortas. (<b>A</b>) The far left panels shows a micrograph of a nuclear fast red and Alcian blue-stained section. The left immunofluorescent cross-section micrograph corresponds to gp38 (green), CD31 (cyan) and CD21 (red) staining to study stromal cell subsets localization, and corresponds to the region defined by a black rectangle in the Nuclear fast red & Alcian micrograph. Magnifications of regions defined by white rectangles are shown as insets and in the two middle panels, numbered white boxes indicate the position of the magnified insets, and cell subsets defined in insets are sometimes specified. In each middle panel inset, two out of the three staining (CD31 and CD21 in the upper inset, or gp38 and CD21 for the other insets) are shown. Sequential sections following the one stained for gp38/CD31/CD21 were stained for slan (M-DC8, green) and CD3 (red) to detect slanDC and CD3⁺ T cells (upper right panels), or for CD15 (green) and CD14 (red) to detect macrophages (CD14⁺CD15^+/−) and polymorphonuclear cells (CD15⁺CD14⁻) (lower right panels). Numbered white boxes indicate the position of the magnified insets. (<b>B</b>) Single channels for insets defined in (<b>A</b>) are show. The cell types and/or structure defined are written on the left of each inset. (<b>C</b>) Sequential sections of a paraffin embedded non-aneurysmal aorta were stained for gp38 (green), CD31 (cyan) and CD21 (red) (left panels), for slan (M-DC8, green) and CD3 (red) (middle panels), or for CD15 (green) and CD14 (red) (right panels). Numbered white boxes indicate the position of the magnified insets. Thr, thrombus; Med, media; Adv, adventitia.</p

Analysis of leukocyte subsets in the adventitia from a non-aneurysmal abdominal aorta by polychromatic flow cytometry.

<p>(<b>A</b>) The gating strategy to analyze CD45⁺ leukocytes from a non-aneurysmal abdominal aorta by 15-color flow cytometry is shown. This strategy allows the simultaneous definition of CD14⁻CD15^hi polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), CD3⁺ T cells, CD19⁺ B cells, CD14⁺ macrophages, and dendritic cell DC) subsets comprising CD14^loM-DC8⁺ slanDC, and among lin⁻HLA-DR⁺ events, CD123⁺ plasmacytoid DC (pDC), and two subsets of myeloid DC (mDC), CD141⁺ mDC and CD1c⁺ mDC. The lower right dot plot shows four macrophage subsets defined by their relative expression of CD14 and CD15, and the lower left panel shows CD206 and CD15 expression by these macrophage subsets. (<b>B</b>) Flow cytometric dot plots of CD163 and CD206 (upper dot plots) and MerTK and CD16 (lower dot plots) expression by the four macrophage subsets defined in (<b>A</b>).</p

CD8+ T cells from PCC immunized mice protect naïve mice from EAE.

<p>A. Naïve C57BL/6 mice were immunized with PBS or 100µg of 50V PCC in CFA. Three weeks later, CD8+ T cells purified from the draining lymph nodes and spleen of the PBS immunized (CD8 PBS, squares) or PCC immunized (CD8 PCC, triangles) mice were adoptively transferred into naïve C57BL/6 recipients (CD8 PBS n = 10, CD8 PCC n = 10). Sixteen hours later, EAE was induced in the recipients upon subcutaneous immunization with MOG peptide accompanied by intravenous pertussis toxin on the day of EAE induction and 2 days later. B. Similar protocol was carried out with a second transfer of CD8+ T cells 9 days after EAE induction. The clinical course of EAE was analyzed using a paralysis grading score. Mean ± SEM. * indicates that the p-value<0.05 as assessed using ANOVA Fisher's PLSD. Arrows indicate the time points of CD8+ T cell transfer.</p

Qa-1-binding molecular pattern.

<p>A. The alignment of previously described 9 amino acid-long Qa-1-binding peptides (Qdm, pre-proinsulin, HSP60 signal sequence derived peptide) using the Geneious software (ClustalW analysis). B. A consensus sequence with conserved amino acids in position (P) 1, 2, 5, 7 and 9 was revealed from this alignement. C. The search of such a consensus sequence in mouse Vß chains derived from the IMGT database revealed the presence of consenting 9 amino acid long peptides in the leader sequences of all mouse Vß chains. * Described as being a Qa-1-binding peptide in ref <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0021628#pone.0021628-Panoutsakopoulou1" target="_blank">[12]</a>.</p