CALIDAD MICROBIOLÓGICA DEL AGUA DE CONSUMO HUMANO DE TRES COMUNIDADES RURALES DEL SUR DE SONORA (MÉXICO)

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la calidad microbiológica del agua de consumo humano de tres comunidades rurales del Sur de Sonora, para conocer los riesgos a la salud de los consumidores. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo considerando resultados de muestreos en la Aduana (Julio de 1999 a Junio de 2000),Etchojoa (Julio de 2001 a Junio de 2002) y en el Ejido Melchor Ocampo (Junio de 2004 a Mayo de 2005). Se realizaron muestreos mensuales del agua de pozo, durante un periodo de un año en las tres comunidades seleccionándose en cada comunidad 7 sitios de muestreo distribuidos aleatoriamente. Los análisis realizados fueron la determinación de mesofílicos aerobios, coliformes totales, coliformes fecales y el aislamiento e identificación por pruebas bioquímicas de Salmonella spp. y Vibrio spp. considerando los métodos de prueba establecidos en las Normas Oficiales Mexicanas. Un 99 % de las muestras analizadas en la Aduana presentaron contaminación fecal, y en el Ejido Melchor Ocampo, el 86 %. En el municipio de Etchojoa se presentó una adecuada desinfección del agua de pozo bajo condiciones normales de operación, ya que sólo el 6 % de las muestras presentó coliformes fecales. Todas las muestras analizadas fueron negativas para Salmonella spp y Vibrio spp. El agua de pozo utilizada para consumo humano en las comunidades de la Aduana y el Ej. Melchor Ocampo son de deficiente calidad microbiológica, por lo que se consideran poblaciones susceptibles a padecer enfermedades de origen hídrico, por lo cual es necesario implementar programas de vigilancia sanitaria que aseguren una buena calidad del agua utilizada para consumo humano. Palabras clave: calidad microbiológica, indicadores microbiológicos, agua para consumo humano, patógenossanitary quality, microbiological indicators, sanitary control, pathogen

Family history of breast and ovarian cancer and triple negative subtype in hispanic/latina women.

Familial breast and ovarian cancer prevalence was assessed among 1150 women of Mexican descent enrolled in a case-only, binational breast cancer study. Logistic regression was conducted to compare odds of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) to non-TNBC according to family history of breast and breast or ovarian cancer among 914 of these women. Prevalence of breast cancer family history in a first- and first- or second-degree relative was 13.1% and 24.1%, respectively; that for breast or ovarian cancer in a first-degree relative was 14.9%. After adjustment for age and country of residence, women with a first-degree relative with breast cancer were more likely to be diagnosed with TNBC than non-TNBC (OR=1.98; 95% CI, 1.26-3.11). The odds of TNBC compared to non-TNBC were 1.93 (95% CI, 1.26-2.97) for women with a first-degree relative with breast or ovarian cancer. There were non-significant stronger associations between family history and TNBC among women diagnosed at age <50 compared to ≥50 years for breast cancer in a first-degree relative (P-interaction = 0.14) and a first- or second-degree relative (P-interaction = 0.07). Findings suggest that familial breast cancers are associated with triple negative subtype, possibly related to BRCA mutations in Hispanic/Latina women, which are strongly associated with TNBC. Family history is an important tool to identify Hispanic/Latina women who may be at increased risk of TNBC, and could benefit from prevention and early detection strategies

14-day triple, 5-day concomitant, and 10-day sequential therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection in seven Latin American sites: a randomised trial

Evidence from Europe, Asia, and North America suggests that standard three-drug regimens of a proton pump inhibitor plus amoxicillin and clarithromycin are significantly less effective for eradicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection than five-day concomitant and ten-day sequential four-drug regimens that include a nitroimidazole. These four-drug regimens also entail fewer antibiotic doses and thus may be suitable for eradication programs in low-resource settings. Studies are limited from Latin America, however, where the burden of H. pylori-associated diseases is high

Risk of Recurrent Helicobacter pylori Infection 1 Year After Initial Eradication Therapy in 7 Latin American Communities

The long-term effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication programs for preventing gastric cancer will depend on recurrence risk and individual and community factors

Occurrence and quantitative microbial risk assessment of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in soil and air samples

Background: Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts can be transmitted by the fecal–oral route and may cause gastrointestinal parasitic zoonoses. These zoonoses are common in rural zones due to the parasites being harbored in fecally contaminated soil. This study assessed the risk of illness (giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis) from inhaling and/or ingesting soil and/or airborne dust in Potam, Mexico. Methods: To assess the risk of infection, Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) was employed, with the following steps: (1) hazard identification, (2) hazard exposure, (3) dose–response, and (4) risk characterization. Results: Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were observed in 52% and 57%, respectively, of total soil samples (n = 21), and in 60% and 80%, respectively, of air samples (n = 12). The calculated annual risks were higher than 9.9 × 10−1 for both parasites in both types of sample. Conclusions: Soil and air inhalation and/or ingestion are important vehicles for these parasites. To our knowledge, the results obtained in the present study represent the first QMRAs for cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis due to soil and air inhalation/ingestion in Mexico. In addition, this is the first evidence of the microbial air quality around these parasites in rural zones

Acculturation, Behavioral Factors, and Family History of Breast Cancer among Mexican and Mexican-American Women.

BackgroundIncidence rates for breast cancer are higher among Mexican-American (MA) women in the United States than women living in Mexico. Studies have shown higher prevalence of breast cancer risk factors in more acculturated than less acculturated Hispanic/Latinas in the United States. We compared the prevalence of behavioral risk factors and family history of breast cancer by level of acculturation and country of residence in women of Mexican descent.MethodsData were collected from 1,201 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients living in Mexico (n = 581) and MAs in the United States (n = 620). MA participants were categorized into three acculturation groups (Spanish dominant, bilingual, and English dominant); women living in Mexico were used as the referent group. The prevalence of behavioral risk factors and family history of breast cancer were assessed according to acculturation level, adjusting for age at diagnosis and education.ResultsIn the adjusted models, bilingual and English-dominant MAs were significantly more likely to have a body mass index of 30 kg/m(2) or greater, consume more than one alcoholic beverage a week, and report having a family history of breast cancer than women living in Mexico. All three U.S. acculturation groups were significantly more likely to have lower total energy expenditure (≤533 kcal/d) than women in Mexico. English-dominant women were significantly less likely to ever smoke cigarettes than the Mexican group.ConclusionsOur findings add to the limited scientific literature on the relationships among acculturation, health behavior, and family history of breast cancer in Mexican and MA women

Acculturation, Behavioral Factors, and Family History of Breast Cancer among Mexican and Mexican-American Women.

BackgroundIncidence rates for breast cancer are higher among Mexican-American (MA) women in the United States than women living in Mexico. Studies have shown higher prevalence of breast cancer risk factors in more acculturated than less acculturated Hispanic/Latinas in the United States. We compared the prevalence of behavioral risk factors and family history of breast cancer by level of acculturation and country of residence in women of Mexican descent.MethodsData were collected from 1,201 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients living in Mexico (n = 581) and MAs in the United States (n = 620). MA participants were categorized into three acculturation groups (Spanish dominant, bilingual, and English dominant); women living in Mexico were used as the referent group. The prevalence of behavioral risk factors and family history of breast cancer were assessed according to acculturation level, adjusting for age at diagnosis and education.ResultsIn the adjusted models, bilingual and English-dominant MAs were significantly more likely to have a body mass index of 30 kg/m(2) or greater, consume more than one alcoholic beverage a week, and report having a family history of breast cancer than women living in Mexico. All three U.S. acculturation groups were significantly more likely to have lower total energy expenditure (≤533 kcal/d) than women in Mexico. English-dominant women were significantly less likely to ever smoke cigarettes than the Mexican group.ConclusionsOur findings add to the limited scientific literature on the relationships among acculturation, health behavior, and family history of breast cancer in Mexican and MA women

Detection and partial characterization of antimutagenic compounds from white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cephalothorax

ABSTRACTMutations are the result of effects produced by mutagenic agents, which may be responsible for the generation of chronic-degenerative diseases such as cancer. The aim of this work was to detect and characterize compounds with antimutagenic activity in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cephalothorax. A serial extraction was carried out where different organic solvents, and its biological activity was evaluated. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assay, where the methanol and water-soluble extracts had the highest antioxidant capacity. Antimutagenicity was evaluated by the Ames test, where the methanol-soluble extract showed the highest antimutagenic activity. The methanolic extract was fractionated by open column chromatography, the fractions obtained were determined antioxidant and antimutagenic activity and the ability to protect DNA from oxidative damage. Fraction H27 provided DNA the highest protection against the damage caused by H2O2. Partial chemical-characterization of fraction H27 suggests the presence of aromatic, hydroxylated, unsaturated compounds

Reproductive and hormonal risk profile according to language acculturation and country of residence in the Ella Binational Breast Cancer Study.

BackgroundWe compared the distribution of breast cancer reproductive and hormonal risk factors by level of acculturation and country of residence in women of Mexican descent.MethodsTo compare the distribution of breast cancer reproductive and hormonal risk factors by level of acculturation and country of residence in women of Mexican descent, taking into account level of education, we analyzed data on 581 Mexican and 620 Mexican American (MA) women with a history of invasive breast cancer from the Ella Binational Breast Cancer Study. An eight-item language-based acculturation measure was used to classify MA women. Multivariate logistic regression was used to test associations between language acculturation, country of residence, and reproductive and hormonal risk factors.ResultsAfter adjustment for age and education, compared to women residing in Mexico, English-dominant MAs were significantly more likely to have an earlier age at menarche (<12 years; odds ratio [OR]=2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-3.34), less likely to have a late age at first birth (≥30 years; OR=0.49; 95% CI, 0.25-0.97), and less likely to ever breastfeed (OR=0.13; 95% CI, 0.08-0.21).ConclusionsDifferences in reproductive and hormonal risk profile according to language acculturation and country of residence are evident; some of these were explained by education. Results support continued efforts to educate Mexican and MA women on screening and early detection of breast cancer along with promotion of modifiable factors, such as breastfeeding