Prognostic and Clinicopathological Significance of CCND1/Cyclin D1 Upregulation in Melanomas: A Systematic Review and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis

We would like to thank the research group CTS-392 (Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Junta de Andalucía, Spain).Simple Summary The incidence of cutaneous melanoma is increasing worldwide, currently responsible for 287,723 new cases and 60,712 deaths per year (GLOBOCAN, IARC, WHO). It should be also highlighted that some less frequent subtypes of melanomas-i.e., acral, uveal, and mucous melanoma-are responsible for significant morbidity associated with metastasis, responding typically worse to newer therapies. Therefore, new biomarkers are needed to improve the prognosis in individual patients. In this sense, the present study showed that CCND1/cyclin D1 upregulation is a common molecular oncogenic alteration in melanomas that probably favors the growth and expansion on cutaneous primary melanomas. Furthermore, immunohistochemical cyclin D1 overexpression strongly predicted a higher Breslow thickness, currently considered the most relevant prognostic factor in individual patients with melanomas. Finally, special attention should be paid to the CCND1/cyclin D1 complex in mucosal melanomas, whose upregulation was strikingly altered. Our objective was to evaluate the prognostic and clinicopathological significance of cyclin D1 (CD1) overexpression/CCND1 amplification in melanomas. We searched studies published before September 2019 (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus). We evaluated the quality of the studies included (QUIPS tool). The impact of CD1 overexpression/CCND1 amplification on overall survival and relevant clinicopathological characteristic were meta-analyzed. We performed heterogeneity, sensitivity, small-study effects, and subgroup analyses. Forty-one studies and 3451 patients met inclusion criteria. Qualitative evaluation demonstrated that not all studies were performed with the same rigor, finding the greatest risk of bias in the study confounding domain. Quantitative evaluation showed that immunohistochemical CD1 overexpression had a statistical association with Breslow thickness (p = 0.007; OR = 2.09,95% CI = 1.23-3.57), significantly higher frequency of CCND1/cyclin D1 abnormalities has been observed in the primary tumor compared to distant metastases (p = 0.004), revealed also by immunohistochemical overexpression of the protein (p < 0.001; OR = 0.53,95% CI = 0.40-0.71), while the CCND1 gene amplification does not show association (p = 0.43); while gene amplification, on the contrary, appeared more frequently in distant metastases (p = 0.04; OR = 1.70,95% CI = 1.01-2.85) and not in the primary tumor. In conclusion, CCND1/cyclin D1 upregulation is a common molecular oncogenic alteration in melanomas that probably favors the growth and expansion of the primary tumor. This upregulation is mainly consequence to the overexpression of the cyclin D1 protein, and not to gene amplification

Influence of an insulating megaregolith on heat flow and crustal temperature structure of Mercury

Mercury is covered by a megaregolith layer, which constitutes a poor thermally conducting layer that must have an influence on the thermal state and evolution of the planet, although most thermal modeling or heat flow studies have overlooked it. In this work we have calculated surface heat flows and subsurface temperatures from the depth of thrust faults associated with several prominent lobate scarps on Mercury, valid for the time of the formation of these scarps, by solving the heat equation and taking into account the insulating effects of a megaregolith layer. We conclude that megaregolith insulation could have been an important factor limiting heat loss and therefore interior cooling and contraction of Mercury. As mercurian megaregolith properties are not very well known, we also analyze the influence of these properties on the results, and discuss the consequences of imposing the condition that the total radioactive heat production must be lower than the total surface heat loss (this is, the Urey ratio, Ur, must be lower than 1) in a cooling and thermally contracting planet such as Mercury at the time of scarp emplacement. Our results show that satisfying the condition of Ur < 1 implies that the average abundances of heat producing elements silicate layer is 0.4 times or less the average surface value, placing an upper bound on the bulk content of heat producing elements in Mercury’s interior

Early Diagnosis of Oral Cancer: A Complex Polyhedral Problem with a Difficult Solution

Oral and oropharyngeal cancers are a growing problem, accounting for 377,713 and 98,412 new cases per year all over the world and 177,757 and 48,143 deaths annually, respectively. Despite the substantial improvement in diagnostic procedures and treatment techniques in recent years, the mortality rate has not decreased substantially in the last 40 years, which is still close to 50% of cases. The major cause responsible for this high mortality is associated with the high percentage of oral cancers diagnosed in advanced stages (stages III and IV) where the treatment harbors poor efficacy, resulting in challenges, mutilations, or disability. The main reason for cancer to be diagnosed at an advanced stage is a diagnostic delay, so it is critical to reduce this delay in order to improve the prognosis of patients suffering from oral cancer. The causes of oral cancer diagnostic delay are complex and concern patients, healthcare professionals, and healthcare services. In this manuscript, oral cancer diagnostic delay is critically reviewed based on current evidence, as well as their major causes, main problems, and potential improvement strategiesResearch group CTS-392 (Plan Andaluz de Investigación, Junta de Andalucía, Spain

Valores de éxito y emprendimiento

El entorno mundial de crisis económica y financiera en el que nos encontramos desde hace años ha dificultado la incorporación de jóvenes al mercado laboral, si a esto le sumamos el crecimiento de la tasa de paro y las cualificaciones exigidas por las empresas en el primer empleo las opciones de conseguir un puesto de trabajo se vislumbran, a priori, complicadas. Ante estos hechos muchos jóvenes, movidos por la desesperación, terminan buscando una oportunidad de trabajo fuera de nuestras fronteras. Alternativas como el emprendimiento o el autoempleo podrían ser una opción para la juventud de optar al mercado laboral. Ante el paradigma actual de la duda que pueda plantearse cualquier persona joven sobre la idea de emprender o no, el conocer que valores que pueden determinar el éxito de dicho emprendimiento podría ser un vehículo que le facilitase la consecución de los objetivos marcados. El presente trabajo busca conocer que valores han determinado el éxito de personas relevantes en su profesión y cuáles de esos valores coinciden con las características del emprendedor.The global environment of economic and financial crisis in which we find for years has hampered the incorporation of youth into the labor market. If we add the growth of the unemployment rate and the qualifications required by companies in the first job the chances of getting a job become complicated. Given these facts many young people out of desperation they end up looking for a job opportunity outside our borders. Alternatives such as entrepreneurship or self-employment may be an option for young people to get into the labor market as long as they were accompanied by support from governments, administrations, organizations and institutions to help them on the path of entrepreneurship. Given the current paradigm of doubt that may arise any young person on the idea of undertaking or not, knowing that values that can determine the success of this venture could be a vehicle that will facilitate the achievement of the objectives. The present work seeks to understand which values have determined the success of relevant people in your profession and which of these values match the characteristics of the entrepreneur.peerReviewe

Dysplasia in oral lichen planus: relevance, controversies and challenges. A position paper

Background: Patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) have an increased risk of oral cancer. For this reason, OLP is classified as an oral potentially malignant disorder. However, the precise personal (or individual) risk is unknown. Recent meta-analytical studies have reported that dysplastic OLP may transform to cancer in around 6% of cases, while the rate of transformation is lower (<1.5%) in non-dysplastic cases. The presence of epithelial dysplasia has emerged as the most powerful indicator for assessing cancer risk in oral potentially malignant disorders in routine practice. However, the general acceptance of epithelial dysplasia as an accompanying histologic feature in OLP is subject to great controversy. Many pathologists consider the presence of dysplasia as a criterion to exclude OLP when routinely reporting on this disease. This practice, widespread among oral pathology professionals, has resulted in the underestimation of the potential for malignancy of OLP. Material and Methods: A review of the literature was carried out in order to critically analyze the relevance, controversies and challenges encountered across the diagnosis of epithelial dysplasia in OLP. Results: 12 studies have been published examining dysplastic changes in OLP, reporting figures ranging from 0.54% to 25% of cases with dysplasia in the first diagnostic biopsy. The diagnosis of dysplasia in the OLP poses an additional difficulty due to the fact that the affected oral epithelium per se develops changes related to autoimmune aggression. Among the most frequent histological features of OLP that develops dysplasia are basal cell hyperplasia with basaloid appearance, loss of basal cells polarity, cellular and nuclear pleomorphism and irregular stratification. Conclusions: Epithelial dysplasia should not be considered an exclusion criterion for OLP; its evaluation requires experienced pathologists in this field

Management of work teams and radio products in university radios

Introducción: El aprendizaje cooperativo y colaborativo están sustituyendo en las universidades a los modelos educacionales de trabajo en grupo que se conocían hasta ahora colocando al alumno en centro de su propia formación como un actor más en los procesos de adquisición de competencias, sirviendo las radios universitarias como laboratorios de experimentación para ello. Metodología: En esta investigación se realiza un análisis de todos los procesos de trabajo que se desarrollan en iradioUCAM, la radio Universitaria de la Universidad Católica de Murcia, comprendidos desde la puesta en marcha de una nueva temporada hasta la finalización de ésta según los criterios definitorios del aprendizaje cooperativo y colaborativo. Resultados: La aplicación de la metodología nos permite identificar cuatro fases de trabajo secuenciales diferenciadas según: acotación temporal, procesos desarrollados, objetivos a alcanzar y tipo de aprendizaje empleado. Discusión: los resultados obtenidos evidencian que en el proceso necesario para desarrollar los productos finales incluidos en su parrilla de programación, utilizan técnicas y herramientas tanto del aprendizaje cooperativo como del colaborativo. Conclusiones: iradioUCAM ha generado su propio modelo de gestión de radio universitaria que, mejorado y adaptado, puede servir como pauta no solo a otras radios universitarias sino también a otros escenarios formativos en los que recrear realidades profesionales.Introduction: At universities, cooperative and collaborative learning are substituting the types of group work that were commonly known until today, placing the student in the middle of his or her own learning as another actor in the processes of acquisition of competencies, with university radios serving as experimenting labs for this. Methodology: In this research, an analysis of all the work processes that are developed in iradioUCAM, the Catholic University of Murcia’s radio, is conducted. This analysis takes into account all the processes performed from the launch of a new season until its ending, according to the defining criteria of cooperative and collaborative learning. Results: The application of this methodology allows us to identify four sequential work phases, which are differentiated according to: time limits, processes developed, objectives to be reached and type of learning employed. Discussion: The results obtained evidence that in the process needed for the development of the final products included in dayparting, techniques and tools belonging to cooperative as well as collaborative learning, are used. Conclusions: iradioUCAM has generated its own model of management of a university radio, which once improved and adapted, could serve as a guideline for other university radios, as well as other educational scenarios where professional work realities are re-created.Ciencias de la Comunicació

Investigating Human Torso Asymmetries: An Observational Longitudinal Study of Fluctuating and Directional Asymmetry in the Scoliotic Torso

The presence of directional and fluctuating asymmetry in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has not been deeply studied. We aimed to test the presence of both in a scoliosis group and a control group. 24 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and 24 control subjects were subjected to geometric morphometrics analyses to address our main hypotheses and to make qualitative visualizations of the 3D shape changes in patients with scoliosis. Our results support the hypothesis that both asymmetric traits are present in the scoliosis and control groups, but to a greater degree in patients. A qualitative visualization tool that allows us to measure the impact that directional and fluctuating asymmetry have on the 3D shape of our patients has been developed. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the result of developmental instabilities during growth and the visualization of the 3D shape changes in response to both asymmetric variables has shown different morphological behaviors. Measuring these variables is important, as they can prevent the localization and deformation that is expected to occur during the course of scoliosis in every individual patient and therefore acts as a key clinical finding that may be used in the prognosis of the condition.Funding: This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, grant number PID2020-115854GB-I00 and the APC was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, grant number PID2020-115854GB-I00

Perception About the Mobility Experience of Students in Universities: A Descriptive Study

Academic mobility is a manner to internationalize the academic curriculum to foster learners' integral development. This article aims to describe the perspective about foreign students' mobility experience in CECAR and about the interns that developed it abroad. This was a quantitative study with a descriptive scope, in which 88 students were surveyed. The results revealed that learners consider that the academic mobility contributed to fostering disciplinary competences and technological and investigative skills. The current research details the value of following up with the students once they return from their academic experience. They also acknowledge this strategy promotes a change in their viewpoints of the world

Inter-group and Inter-individual variability in working memory from childhood to emerging adulthood

This report is a cross-sectional study aiming to establish the status of age inter-group and individual variability for Working Memory (WM) for the three WM components: Phonological loop (PL), Visuo-spatial Sketchpad (VSS) and Central executive (CE). The direct scores of the CE, the PL and the VSS were obtained in a sample of 258 subjects between 6 and 26 years. The obtained results indicate an increase of direct scores with age that was modeled by an age inverse function. The absolute age inter-group variability increased with age while the relative variability was constant across ages. The WM individual developmental variability showed that although a single principal component would explain the total variability, there was a closer relationship between the development of CE and PL with respect to VSS. The obtained results suggest that the range of WM relative competence is preserved along development which would favour the ecological adaptive value of WM across ages