Prospective blind comparative clinical study of two point fixation of zygomatic complex fracture using wire and mini plates

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The zygomatic maxillary complex (ZMC) fractures are one of the most frequent injuries of the facial skeleton due to its position and facial contour. Assaults, road traffic accidents and falls are the principal etiologic factors that may cause fractures of zygomatic bone. The different fixation methods are applied to treat the zygomatic bone fractures, with many more classifications which have been described in the literature for the ease of management. The type of the fracture, its severity and associated facial fractures usually interferes the treatment modality.</p> <p>Purpose of study</p> <p>The aim of this paper is to show the results of 18yrs prospective blind comparative study using wire and plate osteosynthesis which needed open reduction and internal fixation involving Type II to Type IV Spissel and Schroll ZMC fractures.</p> <p>Materials and methods</p> <p>Total 80 cases included in the study out of 1780 ZMC cases which were treated using wire and plate osteosynthesis over a period of 18 yrs, involving only Type II to Type IV Spissel and Schroll ZMC fractures. Other types excluded from study to prevent observer bias. All the fixations carried out through Standard Dingman's incision using stainless steel 26 gauze wire and titanium 1.5 mm mini plate system under general anesthesia by single maxillofacial surgeon and evaluated by another maxillofacial surgeon who is blinded for surgical procedure after 2 and 4 wks of follow-up for facial symmetry, wound healing, functional assessment (mouth opening, diplopia), and sensory disturbance. All the data tabulated in Excel software (Microsoft) for statistical analysis. P-value calculated to know the Significance of treatment modality in all aspects.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Result shows no significant p-values indicating both the operating techniques are equally efficient in the surgical management of ZMC fracture.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Osteosynthesis by mini plates is simple, logical and effective treatment compared to wire osteosynthesis in regard to stability of fracture fragments. Wire osteosynthesis will be helpful in emergency surgeries or where the mini plates are not available. Even though the wire osteosynthesis is economical compared to mini plate fixation; but the time and skill is required for fixation of wires.</p

Surgical treatment of zygomatic bone fracture using two points fixation versus three point fixation-a randomised prospective clinical trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The zygoma plays an important role in the facial contour for both cosmetic and functional reasons; therefore zygomatic bone injuries should be properly diagnosed and adequately treated. Comparison of various surgical approaches and their complications can only be done objectively using outcome measurements which in turn require protocol management and long-term follow up. The preference for open reduction and internal fixation of zygomatic fractures at three points has continued to grow in response to observations of inadequate results from two point and one point fixation techniques.</p> <p>The objectives of this study were to compare the efficacy of zygomatic bone after treatment with ORIF using 2 point fixation and ORIF using 3 point fixation and compare the outcome of two procedures.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>100 patients were randomly divided equally into two groups. In group A, 50 patients were treated by ORIF using two point fixation by miniplates and in group B, 50 patients were treated by ORIF using three point fixation by miniplates. They were evaluated for their complications during and after surgery with their advantages and disadvantages and the difference between the two groups was observed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 100 fractures were sustained. We found that postoperative complication like decreased malar height and vertical dystopia was more common in those patients who were treated by two point fixation than those who were treated with three point fixation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Based on this study open reduction and internal fixation using three point fixation by miniplates is the best available method for the treatment zygomatic bone fractures.</p

Orbital floor fractures - aspects of diagnostic methods, treatment and sequelae

Despite surgical intervention, orbital floor fractures are associated with risks of persisting sensibility disturbances, enophthalmos and diplopia. Cheek asymmetry and trismus may result when the zygoma is dislocated. In evaluating the surgical results patients’ experiences of the outcomes have to be investigated. To investigate sequelae a questionnaire was sent to 107 patients previously treated for an orbital floor fracture (Paper I). Visual analogue scales (VASs) were used in a prospective study (Papers II and III) to assess patients’ experiences of persisting signs and symptoms. The possibility of using electronystagmography (ENG) equipment, normally employed in vestibular testing in ENT practice, for measuring bilateral vertical eye motility was investigated in a methodological study (Paper IV). Fractures were mainly due to assaults and falls. Sequelae were common (83%). A high frequency of diplopia (36%) was associated with antral packing. When stable floor implants replaced this technique, the subsequent prospective study revealed absence of severe cases of diplopia as well as a lower occurrence of diplopia (9.5%). Patients and doctors agreed on the presence of ‘objective’ signs (affected physical appearance and diplopia). Sensibility disturbances and reduced mouth opening capacity were not sufficiently reflected by the diagnostic assessment methods used, and these symptoms were underestimated by the clinicians. Surgery of the internal orbit involves risks. For this reason, operations for purely diagnostic purposes must be avoided. However, 21% of the orbital floor operations in the present study were performed for purely diagnostic purposes. Surgeons did not apprehend the CT scans as being representative of the fracture. No test is at present available that can objectively establish entrapment of soft tissues as a cause of diplopia, although this is an absolute indication for surgery. However, vertical electro-oculography (vEOG) was shown to (i) objectively measure vertical eye motility; (ii) detect and verify mechanical restriction of vertical eye motility; and (iii) distinguish patients experiencing vertical diplopia from healthy test subjects with ‘normal’ eye motility. Both recognition of patients’ experiences and prolonged follow-ups in selected cases are important for treatment feedback, and are prerequisites for improvement of future surgical outcomes. Current diagnostic methods appear to be insufficient. Vertical electro-oculography is suggested as a simple, objective and noninvasive eye motility test with the potential of helping predict which patients will benefit or not benefit from orbital floor surgery