An intercomparison of subtropical cut-off lows in the Southern Hemisphere using recent reanalyses: ERA-Interim, NCEP-CFRS, MERRA-2, JRA-55, and JRA-25

Four recent reanalysis products ERA-Interim, NCEP-CFSR, MERRA-2 and JRA-55 are evaluated and compared to an older reanalysis JRA-25, to quantify their confidence in representing Cut-off lows (COLs) in the Southern Hemisphere. The climatology of COLs based on the minima of 300-hPa vorticity (ξ300) and 300-hPa geopotential (Z300) provides different perspectives of COLs and contributes to the understanding of the discrepancies observed in the literature regarding their numbers and seasonality. The COLs compare better among the newest reanalyses than compared to the older reanalysis JRA-25. The difference in number between the latest reanalyses are generally small for both ξ300 and, with more COLs identified in ξ300 than in Z300 for all reanalyses. The spatial differences observed between the newest reanalyses are mainly due to differences in the track lengths, which is larger in ERA-Interim and JRA-55 than in NCEP-CFSR and MERRA-2, resulting in disparities in the track density. This is likely due to the difference in the assimilation data system used in each reanalysis product. The largest differences in intensities occur in the ξ300, because this field is very sensitive to the reanalysis resolution. The mean separation distance of the COLs that match between the latest reanalyses are generally small, while the older JRA-25 has a broader distribution and larger number of matches with relatively large distances, indicating larger uncertainties in location of COLs. The results show significant improvements for the most recent reanalyses compared to the older JRA-25 reanalysis, indicating a progress in representing the COL properties

Sensitivity of identifying cut‑off lows in the Southern Hemisphere using multiple criteria: Implications for numbers, seasonality and intensity

Cut-off Low (COLs) are often associated with heavy precipitation and strong wind events, but there are still uncertainties on how their identification affect the numbers and seasonality. This paper aims to determine the sensitivity of identifying Southern Hemisphere COLs in the ERA-Interim reanalysis to different types of identification criteria. Upper-level cyclones are initially tracked on the 300 hPa level using relative vorticity and geopotential in order to present different perspectives. This reveals significant differences between the numbers and length of the identified tracks for the two fields. To identify the COLs different post-tracking filters are applied which are divided into two steps. Firstly, three filters are considered to separate cut-off lows from open troughs by sampling winds at different offset radial distances from the upper-level cyclonic centres. Secondly, potential vorticity and temperature criteria are imposed to determine how these conditions affect the identified COLs in terms of numbers, seasonality and intensity. It was found that methods based on multiple criteria restrict the COL identification by imposing specific characteristics, while methods based on simpler schemes (e.g. using only winds) can detect larger samples of COLs observed visually in the geopotential maps. Although it is difficult to say which method is more accurate in identifying COLs, because of the subjective aspect of observer’s assessment, a scheme using only winds should be more representative of reality as this simply imposes on the detection system a cyclonic circulation appearance regardless of the physical and dynamical characteristics. Therefore, this type of method could be considered as a standard method for identifying COLs that can be used for either operational or research purposes

Precipitation regimes in South America: a bibliography review

Como a América do Sul se estende por diferentes latitudes e possui formas de relevo variadas, proporciona a atuação e o desenvolvimento de diferentes sistemas atmosféricos, os quais contribuem para a não homogeneidade climática da região. Portanto o objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma revisão dos sistemas atmosféricos que atuam nos diferentes setores do continente sul-americano e que contribuem para a precipitação.The distribution of South American lands on different latitudes and its diversified topography can influence the development and action of many atmospheric systems contributing to a non-homogeneous climate in this region. This work presents a review on the atmospheric systems present in the different sectors of South America contributing to the precipitation variability in these regions

A new perspective of the climatological features of upper-level cut-off lows in the Southern Hemisphere

This study presents a detailed view of the seasonal variability of upper-level cut-off lows (COLs) in the Southern Hemisphere. The COLs are identified and tracked using data from a 36-year period of the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast reanalysis (ERA-Interim). The objective identification of the COLs uses a new approach, which is based on 300 hPa relative vorticity minima, and three restrictive criteria of the presence of a cold-core, stratospheric potential vorticity intrusion, and cut-off cyclonic circulation. The highest COL activity is in agreement with previous studies, located near three main continental areas (Australia, South America, and Africa), with maximum frequencies usually observed in the austral autumn. The COL mean intensity values show a marked seasonal and spatial variation, with maximum (minimum) values during the austral winter (summer), a unique feature that has not been observed previously in studies based on the geopotential. The link between intensity and lysis is examined, and finds that weaker systems are more susceptible to lysis in the vicinity of the Andes Cordillera, associated with the topographic Rossby wave. Lysis and genesis regions are close to each other, confirming that COLs are quasi-stationary systems. Also, COLs tend to move eastward and are faster over the higher latitudes. The mean growth/decay rates coincide with the major genesis and lysis density regions, such as the significant decay values across the Andes all year. As a consequence of using vorticity for the tracking method a longer lifetime of COLs is detected than in other studies, but this does not affect the total frequency of occurrence. Comparisons with other studies suggest that the differences in seasonality are due to uncertainties in the reanalyses and the methods used to identify COLs

Comments on Climatology of Cyclogenesis for the Southern Hemisphere

In a recent paper Sinclair (1995, hereafter SI) made a climatological study of cyclogenesis in the Southern Hemisphere using seven years (.1980-86) of European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts (ECMWF) data. Geostrophic yorticity at 1000 hPa is used to locate cy- clones and determine their intensity. In an earlier study Gan and Rao (1991, hereafter GR91) also exarnined the cyclogenesis using the surface pressure charts for four hours an each day for the period January 1979- December 1988. Their study was for South America (the area enclosed by 15\ub0-50\ub0S and 30\ub0-90\ub0W). In GR91, the method used to manually identify surface cyclogenesis was that at least oneclosed isobar around a low pressure center should be found for an analysis of 2-hPa intervals. The purpose of this comment is to compare the results of these two studies for the South American region.Pages: 2614-261

Variabilidade Intrasazonal da Precipitação da América do sul

The intra-seasonal variability of the precipitation associated with the South America monsoon system (SAMS) are investigated for a 30-yr period. The active and break periods of the monsoon were determined by the criterion based on a monsoon rainfall index (MRI) for the three wettest months applied to the West-Central Brazil region. Using the MRI 71 (46) cases of monsoon break (active) were identified. For active cases the precipitation composite shows a similar pattern to average summer rainfall, but with values exceeding 16mm over some areas of West-Central Brazil region and the wind circulation composite present a strong northwesterly flow from the western Amazon to southeastern Brazil. Composite anomaly pattern shown that active period is associated with 850-hPa northwesterly wind anomalies which converge in central Brazil. However, break periods are associated with wind anomalies from east to west over central Brazil